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German: About | Intro | Phraselist

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Japanese: About | Intro | Phraselist

Chinese: About | Intro | Phraselist

Russian: About | Intro | Phraselist

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License | About

German phrasebook

German is a main language of Germany, Austria, parts of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. Almost similar languages are also spoken in the French region of Alsace (German: Elsass), in the Italian province of Alto Adige (German: Südtirol), parts of Luxembourg, and a small part of Belgium.
Grammar

In common with many other European languages, German has two "you" verb forms which denote the relationship the speaker has to someone else. To express familiarity, one uses the du form; for formality, the Sie form. As a general rule the Sie form is used when one might address someone as "Madam" or "Sir". If on first name terms, one uses the du form. Grammatically, the Sie form takes the 3rd person plural ending.

There are 3 different noun genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The article of a noun depends on the gender: der (m), die (f) and das (n).

Furthermore, German nouns are declined. There are four grammatical cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), genitive (posessive), and dative (indirect object.) Each varies depending on the noun's gender and whether it is singular or plural.

An orthographic peculiarity is that all nouns, even those in the middle of a sentence, begin with a capital letter.

There are very strong accentual and dialectic differences in German-speaking countries. A German from the north and one from the south can have great difficulty understanding each other's dialects. Standard German, or "Hochdeutsch", is universally known, although not everyone speaks it well. Generally, the further south, the broader the dialect.

Along the coastline in the north of Germany, many people speak a related language called Plattdüütsch ("Plattdeutsch" in German). It is strongly related to Dutch or Danish and German; most Platt speakers will understand standard German.

The German spoken in Switzerland is referred to as Schwyyzerdüütsch. There are various varieties of Swiss German depending on the region.

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Pronunciation guide

German pronunciation is relatively straightforward, although spelling is somewhat more involved.
Vowels
a
like 'u' in "cup", 'a' in "target"
e
like 'e' in "ten", 'a' in "bake"
i
like 'i' in "bingo"
o
like 'oo' in "door", like 'o' in "top"
u
like 'ou' in "you"
ä
(Umlaut, transcribed as 'ae') like 'e' in "ten", 'a' in "band"
ö
(Umlaut, transcribed as 'oe') like 'i' in "Sir"
ü
(Umlaut, transcribed as 'ue') like 'y' in 'Tyrell'
y
same as 'ü', but also consonant "j" in words of foreign origin ("Yacht")
Length of Vowels

A vowel is shortened when followed by a double consonant.

A vowel is lengthened by a subsequent 'h', or by a double vowel, depending on the word. An exception is 'i', which is lengthened by a following 'e' or 'eh'.

Examples: the h in Hahn makes the a long; the aa in Haar is also long, the e in Tier makes the i long. (See below for "Diphthongs".)
Consonants

Consonants are pronounced quite strongly (except perhaps the 'r').
b
like 'b' in "bed"
c
like 'ts' in "bits" before 'i' and 'e'; like 'k' in "kid" else
d
like 'd' in "dog"
f
like 'ph' in "phone"
g
like 'g' in "go" (never as in "giraffe")
h
like 'h' in "help"
j
like 'y' in "yoga"
k
like 'c' in "cat"
l
like 'l' in "love"
m
like 'm' in "mother"
n
like 'n' in "nice"
p
like 'p' in "pig"
q
like 'q' in "quest" (always with "u")
r
like 'r' in "arm", like 'r' in "feather" (often like silent "h")
s
like 'z' in "haze"
t
like 't' in "top"
v
like 'f' in "father", or like "v" in "victory"
w
like 'v' in "victory", never like 'wh' in "whisky"
x
like 'cks' in "kicks"
z
like 'ts' in "bits"
ß
like 'ss' in "hiss"
Common diphthongs and ligatures

Note: these combinations are not always used as diphthongs. At syllable boundaries and sometimes even in a syllable, they are spoken as separate vowels (e.g. soeben — zoh-AY-ben)
au
like 'ow' in "how"
ae
transcription for 'ä' if not available on a keyboard or in URLs
ah
like 'a' in "bar", longer than 'a'.
äu
like 'oy' in "boy"
ei
like 'i' in "wine"
eu
like 'oy' in "boy"
eh
long 'e'
ie
like 'ee' in "week", longer than 'i'.
ieh
like 'ee' in "week", longer than 'i', fundamentally no difference to 'ie'.
oe
transcription for 'ö' if not available on a keyboard or in URLs
oh
like 'oo' in "door", longer than 'o'.
ue
transcription for 'ü' if not available on a keyboard or in URLs
uh
like 'ou' in "youth", longer than 'u'.
ch after 'a', 'o' and 'u'
like 'ch' in Scottish "loch", spoken in the throat, like 'j' in Spanish
ch after 'i' and 'e'
like 'h' in "huge"
ch at the beginning of a word
like 'ch' in "character"
ck
like 'ck' in "blocking"
ng
like both 'ng' in "singing", never like 'ng' in "finger"
ph
like 'f' in "fish"
sch
like 'sh' in "sheep"
sp at the beginning of a word
like 'shp' in "fish pool"
ss
like 'ss' in "hiss", in contrast to 'ß', makes the preceding vowel shorter. Also used as transcription for 'ß' in URL or on foreign keyboards.
st at the beginning of a word
like 'sht' in "ashtray"
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German Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
Guten Tag. (GOO-ten tahk) better: Hallo

Hello. (In Austria and the south of Germany only)
Grüß Gott! (gruus got) (formal, literally: "God may greet you", originally from Grüß Dich Gott!)

Hello. (In Austria and Bavaria only)
Servus! (SEHR-voos) (to a friend / informal but polite)

Hello. (coastline in the north of Germany only, to 12 o'clock)
Moin, Moin! (moin moin)

Hello. (coastline in the north of Germany only, after 12 o'clock)
Moin! (moin)

Hello. (informal)
Hallo. (hah-LOH)

How are you?
Wie geht's? (vee gayts?) used as a real question, not a form of greeting."

Fine, thank you.
Danke, gut. (DAN-keh, goot)

What is your name?
Wie heißt du? / Wie heißen Sie? (vee highst doo? / vee HIGH-sen zee?)

My name is ______.
Ich heiße ______. (ikh HIGH-seh) Nice to meet you.: Nett, Sie kennen zu lernen. ("net zee KEN-en tsoo LER-nen")

Nice to meet you. ("informal")
Sehr angenehm. (zayr AHN-geh-naym)

Please.
Bitte. (BIT-tuh)

Thank you.
Danke sehr. (DAN-keh zayr)

Thanks.
Danke. (DAN-keh)

You're welcome.
Bitte sehr! (BIT-teh zayr)

Yes.
Ja. (yah)

No.
Nein. (nine)

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Entschuldigen Sie. (ent-SHUL-di-gen zee)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Entschuldigung. (ent-SHUL-di-goong)

I'm sorry.
Es tut mir leid. (es toot meer light)

Goodbye
Auf Wiedersehen. (owf VEE-der-zay-en)

Goodbye (informal)
Tschüß. (chuuss)

Goodbye (In Austria and Bavaria only)
Servus! (ZEHR-voos) (to a friend / informal but polite)

I can't speak German well.
Ich kann nicht [so gut] deutsch sprechen. (ikh kahn nikht [zo goot] doytsh shprekhen)

Do you speak English?
Sprichst du / Sprechen Sie englisch? (shprikhst doo / shprekhen zee ENG-lish?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Gibt es hier jemanden, der Englisch spricht? (gibt ez heer yeh-MAHNT-en dare ENG-lish shprikht?)

Help!
Hilfe! (HILL-fuh!)

Good morning.
Guten Morgen. (GOO-ten MOR-gen)

Good evening.
Guten Abend. (GOO-ten AH-bent)

Good night.
Schönen Abend noch. (Shur-nen AH-bent nokh)

Good night (to sleep)
Gute Nacht. (GOO-tuh nakht)

I don't understand.
Ich verstehe das nicht. (ikh fur-SHTAY-uh dahs nikht)

Where is the toilet, please?
Wo ist die Toilette, bitte? (voh ist dee twah-LET-uh, BIT-tuh?)
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Problems

Help!
Hilfe! (HILL-fuh!)

Leave me alone.
Lass / Lassen Sie mich in Ruhe. (LAHS(-un zee) mikh in ROO-uh)

Don't touch me!
Fass / Fassen Sie mich nicht an! (FAHS(-un zee) mikh nikht AHN!)

I'll call the police.
Ich rufe die Polizei. (ikh ROO-fuh dee poh-lee-TSIGH)

Police!
Polizei! (poh-lee-TSIGH!)

Stop! Thief!
Halt! Ein Dieb! (HAHLT! ighn DEEP!)

I need your help.
Ich brauche deine/Ihre Hilfe. (ikh BROW-khuh DIGH-nuh/EE-ruh HILL-fuh)

It's an emergency.
Das ist ein Notfall. (dahs ist ighn NOHT-fahl)

I'm lost.
Ich habe mich verirrt. (ikh HAH-buh mikh fer-IRT)

I lost my bag.
Ich habe meine Tasche verloren. (ikh HAH-buh migh-nuh TAH-shuh fer-LOH-run)

I lost my wallet.
Ich habe mein Portemonnaie verloren. (ikh HAH-buh mighn port-moh-NEH fer-LOH-run)
Note: Portmonnaie is of French origin, but usual in German.

I'm sick.
Ich bin krank. (ikh bin krahnk)

I've been injured.
Ich bin verletzt. (ikh bin fer-LETST)

I need a doctor.
Ich brauche einen Arzt. (ikh BROW-khuh IGH-nuh ARTST)

Can I use your phone?
Kann ich dein/Ihr Telefon benutzen? (kahn ikh dighn/eer tay-lay-FOHN buh-NOOT-sun?)

Can I use your mobile?
Kann ich dein/Ihr Handy benutzen? (kahn ikh dighn/eer handy buh-NOOT-sun?)

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Numbers

In German, the roles of dot and comma are swapped compared to their English counterparts. The grouping separator in big numbers is a dot (.), not a comma (,); the separator between decimal fractions and integer is a comma (,), not a dot (.).

E.g.: 1,000 in English is 1.000 in German; 3.1 in English is 3,1 in German.

Note that numbers above twenty are said "backwards". Twenty-one (einundzwanzig) is literally spoken as "one-and-twenty". This takes a bit of getting used to, especially in higher regions. Eg. 53426 (dreiundfünfzigtausendvierhundertsechsundzwanzig) is spoken as "three-and-fifty-thousand-four-hundred-six-and-twenty".

1
eins (ighnss)

2
zwei (tsvigh)

3
drei (drigh)

4
vier (feer)

5
fünf (fuunf)

6
sechs (zekhs)

7
sieben (ZEE-ben)

8
acht (ahkht)

9
neun (noyn)

10
zehn (tsayn)

11
elf (elf)

12
zwölf (tsvoolf)

13
dreizehn (DRIGH-tsayn)

14
vierzehn (FEER-tsayn)

15
fünfzehn (FUUNF-tsayn)

16
sechzehn (ZEKH-tsayn)

17
siebzehn (ZEEP-tsayn)

18
achtzehn (AHKH-tsayn)

19
neunzehn (NOYN-tsayn)

20
zwanzig (TSVAHN-tsikh)

21
einundzwanzig (IGHN-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)

22
zweiundzwanzig (TSVIGH-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)

23
dreiundzwanzig (DRIGH-oont-tsvahn-tsikh)

30
dreißig (DRIGH-sikh)

40
vierzig (FEER-tsikh)

50
fünfzig (FUUNF-tsikh)

60
sechzig (ZEKH-tsikh)

70
siebzig (ZEEP-tsikh)

80
achtzig (AHKH-tsikh)

90
neunzig (NOYN-tsikh)

100
(ein)hundert ([ighn]-HOON-dert)

200
zweihundert (TSVIGH-hoon-dert)

300
dreihundert (DRIGH-hoon-dert)

1000
(ein)tausend ([ighn]-TOW-zent)

2000
zweitausend (TSVIGH-tow-zent)

1,000,000
eine Million (igh-nuh mill-YOHN)

1,000,000,000
eine Milliarde (igh-nuh mill-YAR-duh)
Note the difference to American English numbers, often mistranslated!

1,000,000,000,000
eine Billion (igh-nuh bill-YOHN)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
Nummer/Linie _____ (NOO-mer/LEE-nee-uh)

half
halb (hahlp)

the half
die Hälfte (dee HELF-tuh)

less
weniger (VAY-nihg-er)

more
mehr (mayr)
Ordinal Numbers
1.
erster (ayr-stayr)

2.
zweiter (tsvigh-tayr)

3.
dritter (dri-tayr)

4.
vierter (feer-tayr)

5.
fünfter (fuunf-tayr)

20.
zwanzigster (TSVAHN-tsikhs-tayr)

100.
(ein)hundertster ([ighn]-HOON-dert-stayr)

101.
(ein)hunderterster ([ighn]-HOON-dert-ayr-stayr)
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French phrasebook

French is a Romance language originating in France but spoken in many other parts of the world including Luxembourg, Southern Belgium and Western Switzerland in Europe. In North America, French is spoken in Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario, other parts of Canada, and parts of Louisiana. Other countries include former French colonies in North Africa and West Africa; in Haiti, Martinique and Guadeloupe in the Caribbean; in French Guiana in South America; in Tahiti and numerous other islands in Oceania. It has long been the language of international diplomacy and communication, and although replaced largely by English since World War II, it remains de rigueur (of obligatory requirement) for educated people around the world to have some level of basic French ability.

In French, there are several levels of politeness. But to keep things simple this phrasebook is limited to two levels -- formal and informal -- with complex rules about age and social rank that determine which level you use. In France and most of the rest of the world, formal speech is the default; in Canada, it's informal that's used more often. This phrasebook gives everything in the formal level of politeness, on the principle that your friends or peers will just laugh if you address them too formally (vouvoyer), but strangers and "superiors" will find it offensive if you address them too intimately (tutoyer). Except a few phrases, such as "Buzz off", when you want to be offensive.
Note you should try not to pronounce the "G" where "NG" is used in the prononciation hint.
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Pronunciation

Like that of English - and unlike most other Romance languages - French spelling is not necessarily phonetic. The same letter used in two different words can make two different sounds, and many letters are not pronounced at all. In general, it's not impossible to sound out words, but suffice it to say that many experienced non-native French speakers -- and some native speakers -- mispronounce words often.

One thing to note is that final consonants of a word are usually dropped: allez (go) is pronounced ahl-AY, not ahl-AYZ; tard (late) is pronounce tar, not tard. Also a final "e" is usually silent. But if the next word begins with a vowel, the consonant may be pronounced; this is called liaison.

Stress is usually on the last syllable of a phrase, but sometimes when a word is emphasized, the stress moves to the middle of the word.

For many French words, it is impossible to write something which, when pronounced as English, sounds like the French word. Use the transliteration as a guide to liaison and the French spelling to pronounce the vowels.
Vowels

Vowels in French can have accent marks, which generally have no noticeable impact on pronunciation. The only really important one is é, which is always pronounced "ay", and changes the meaning of the word.
a, à, â
like "a" in "father"
e
in most cases a central neutral vowel ("schwa") like "a" in "about", sometimes not pronounced at all, sometimes like "é" or "è"
é, è, ai, -er, -es, -ez
é is a bit like "ay" in "day", è is more towards "e" in "set", but many French people don't even distinguish them, you can consider them equivalent
i, î
like "ee" in "see" but shorter and tenser
o, ô, au, eau
generally like "oa" in "boat" or "aw" in "law", can be considered equivalent
u, ù
like a very tight, frontal "oo" sound (purse your lips as if to say "oo" as in "soon" but try and say "ee") - uu in transcriptions
ou
like "oo" in "food", but a pure vowel
y
like "ee" in "see"
eu
between "ew" in "dew" and "ur" in "burp"; written eu in transcriptions
Semi-vowels
oi
like "wa" in "walk"
oui
like "wee" in "week"
ui
like "wee" in "week", but with a French uu instead of the w
œ
a bit like "eu" but more "open"
Consonants
b
like "b" in "bed"
c
like "k" in "kill" (before "a", "o", and "u" or before a consonent), like "s" in "sun" (before "e", "i", and "y")
ç
like "s" in "sun" (this letter can only be written before "a","o", or "u")
d
like "d" in "death" (but a bit heavier than in English, and pronounced on the tongue)
f
like "f" in "fun"
g
like "g" in "go" (before "a", "o", and "u" or before a consonent), like "g" in "sabotage" (before "e", "i" and "y").
gu
like "g" in "goose" (before "e", "i", "y")
gn
like "ny" in "canyon". This is particularly difficult (even for little French kids) when followed by oi, as in baignoire (beh-NYWAR) "bathtub".
h
usually silent, but may sometimes prevent a liaison with the former word
j
like "g" in "sabotage"
k
like "k" in "kill"
l, ll
like "l" in "like"
m
like "m" in "me"
n
like "n" in "nurse" (but see Nasals below)
p
like "p" in "push" (unaspirated like the t)
q(u)
most of the time like "k" in "kill" (not like "qu" in "quick"); in some words like "qu" in "quick" (generally before an "a") or the same but with a French u (generally before an "i")
r
gutteral; kind of like coughing up a hairball
s
like "s" in "sun"; like "z" in "zero" (between two vowels)
ch
like "sh" in "bush"; sometimes like "k" in "kill" (in words of Greek origin mostly)
t, th
like "t" in "take" (unaspirated, it should sound dry and on the tongue, like a spanish speaker)
v
like "v" in "value"
w
only in foreign words, mostly like "w" in "wise" and sometimes like "v" in "value" (in particular, "wagon" is "vagon" and "WC" is "VC"!)
x
either ks (like "x" in "exit") or gz
z
like "z" in "zero"
ph
like "f" in "fun"
Nasals
an, en, em
nasal a (not always pronounced as a nasal, especially if the n or m is doubled: emmental is pronounced as a normal "emm" sound)
on
nasal o - distinguishing between this and "an" is tricky, it's a deeper, more closed sound
in, ain
nasal è
un
nasal eu (almost always pronounced the same as 'in'
oin
nasal "wè" (thus, coin is a nasalised "cwè")
Diphthongs
ail
like "i" in "fight"
ill
either literally, or like "y" in "three years", with some exceptions (ville is veel, fille is fiy)
Exceptions
- When there is an accent mark on "e", it prevents diphthongs. Letters should be pronounced separately, following the rule for the accented letter. Example: énergumène, (rowdy character), réunion (meeting).
- A diaeresis (") may also be used to prevent diphthongs on "e", "u" and "i". Example: maïs (maize).
- In the combinations "gue" and "gui", the "u" should not be pronounced, it is there only to force the prononciation of "g" as in "go". If the "u" is pronounced, a diaeresis is added: aiguë (sharp).
- In the combination "geo", the "e" should not be pronounced, it is only there to force the prononciation of "g" as in "sabotage" (in the case the "e" should be pronounced, it is indicated with an accent mark as in géologie).

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French Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
Bonjour. (bohng-ZHOOR)

Hello. (informal)
Salut. (sah-LUU)

How are you?
Comment allez-vous? (kuh-mahng tah-lay VOO?) (Quebecois: Comment ça va? [kuh-mahng sa va' '])

Fine, thank you.
Bien, merci. (byahng, mehr-SEE)

What is your name?
Comment vous appelez-vous? (kuh-MAWNG vooz ah-puhll-ay VOO?)

My name is ______.
Je m'appelle ______. (zhuh mah-PEHLL _____)

Nice to meet you.
Enchanté(e). (ahng-chahng-TAY)

Please.
S'il vous plaît. (seell voo PLEH)

Thank you.
Merci. (mehr-SEE)

You're welcome.
De rien. (duh RYANG) (Quebecois: Bienvenue [be-YEIGN-ve-new])

Yes.
Oui. (WEE)

No.
Non. (NOHNG)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Pardon. (pahr-DOHNG), Excusez-moi. (ehks-kuu-zay MWAH)

I'm sorry.
Désolé(e). (day-zoh-LAY) Excusez-moi. (ehks-kuu-zay MWAH)

What's the time?
Quelle heure est-il? (kel ehr e-til?)

Goodbye
Au revoir. (oh RVWAHR)

Goodbye (informal)
Salut. (sah-LUU)

I can't speak French [well].
Je ne parle pas [bien] français. (zhuh nuh PAHRL pah [byahng] frahng-SEH)

Do you speak English?
Parlez-vous anglais? (PAHR-lay VOOZ ahng-LEH?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Est-ce qu'il y a quelqu'un ici qui parle anglais? (ess keel-ee-AH kel-KUHNG ee-SEE kee PAHRL ahng-LEH?)

Help!
Au secours! (os-KOOR!)

Look out!
Attention! (ah-TAHNG-see-ohng)

Good morning.
Bonjour. (bohng ZHOOR)

Good evening.
Bonsoir. (bohng SWAHR)

Good night.
Bonsoir. (bohng SWAHR)

Good night (to sleep)
Bonne nuit. (buhn NWEE)

I don't understand.
Je ne comprend pas. (ZHUH nuh kohm-PRAHNG pah)

Where is the toilet?
Où sont les toilettes? (OOH sohng lay twa-LEHT?)

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Problems

Help!
Au secours! (os-KOOR!)

Leave me alone.
Laissez-moi tranquille! (less-ay mwah trahng-KEEL!)

Buzz off.
Dégage! (Day-GAZH!)

Don't touch me!
Ne me touchez pas! (nuh muh TOOSH-ay PAH!)

I'm calling the police.
J'appelle la police. (zhah-PELL la poh-LEESS)

Police!
Police! (POHL-ees)

Stop! Thief!
Arrêtez! Au voleur! (ah-reh-TAY! OH vo-LEUR!)

Help!
Au secours! (OH suh-KOOR!)

I need your help.
Aidez-moi, s'il vous plaît! (ay-day MWAH, SEEL voo PLAY!)

It's an emergency.
C'est une urgence. (seh tuun uur-ZHAHNS)

I'm lost.
Je suis perdu. (ZHUH swee pehr-DUU')

I lost my bag.
J'ai perdu mon sac. (ZHAY pehr-DUU mong sak)

I lost my wallet.
J'ai perdu mon portefeuille. (ZHAY pehr-DUU mong???)

I'm sick.
Je suis malade. (ZHUH swee MAU-laud)

I've been injured.
Je suis blessé. (zhuh swee bless-AY)

I need a doctor.
J'ai besoin d'un médecin. (ZHAY bez-WANG dun mayd-SANG)

Can I use your phone?
Je peux utiliser votre téléphone? (ZHUH poo UUT-ee-lee-zay vOt-ruh te-LAY-phun)

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Numbers
1
un (ung)

2
deux (deu)

3
trois (trwa)

4
quatre (katr)

5
cinq (sank)

6
six (seece or see)

7
sept (set)

8
huit (wheat)

9
neuf (neuf)

10
dix (deece or dee)

11
onze (ohnz)

12
douze (dooz)

13
treize (trayz)

14
quatorze (kat-ORZ)

15
quinze (cans)

16
seize (sayz)

17
dix-sept (dee-SET)

18
dix-huit (dee-ZWEET)

19
dix-neuf (dee-ZNEUF)

20
vingt (vang)

21
vingt-et-un (vang-tay-UNG)

22
vingt-deux (vang-DEU)

23
vingt-trois (vang-TRWA)

30
trente (trongt)

40
quarante (kar-AHNGT)

50
cinquante (sank-AHNGT)

60
soixante (swah-SAHNGT)

70
soixante-dix (swah-sahngt-DEE) or septante (set-AHNGT) in Belgium and Switzerland

80
quatre-vingt (katr-VANG) or huitante (wee-TAHNGT) in Belgium and Switzerland (except Geneva)

90
quatre-vingt-dix (katr-vang-DEE) or nonante (noh-NAHNGT) in Belgium and Switzerland

100
cent (sahng)

200
deux cent (deu sahng)

300
trois cent (trwa sahng)

1000
mille (meel)

2000
deux mille (deu meel)

1,000,000
un million (ung mee-LYOHNG)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
numéro _____ (nuu-may-ROH)

half
demi (deh-MEE), moitié (mwah-tee-AY)

less
moins (mwang)

more
plus (pluu)

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Spanish phrasebook

Spanish (castellano or español) is the third most-spoken language in the world. Originating in Spain (where it is also known as Castilian, and spoken by most residents there, with slightly different pronunciation from the rest of the world's Spanish speakers), it is also spoken in Mexico and all of Central and South America except Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname. Spanish is also spoken in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean islands.

Spanish is a first language for many people in the United States, especially in California, Texas, South Florida, and elsewhere the Southwest.

A Western Romance language, Spanish is closely related to and at least partially mutually intelligible with the other romance languages, such as Portuguese, Catalan, French, and Italian. English and Spanish share variants of approximately one third of their words, although the pronunciation tends to be very different.

Grammar

Spanish nouns have genders. Most words applied to persons have natural gender: masculine like hombre (male person - man) or feminine, like mujer (female person - woman). The gender of some animals, things, and some words applied to persons doesn't follow any rule: they have an arbitrary grammatical gender. Casa (house), rana (frog), and visita (visitor) are of the feminine gender. Árbol (tree), sapo (toad) and genio (genius) are of the masculine gender. Invitado, invitada (guest) and mono, mona (monkey) have natural gender. Fortunately, the gender of a noun is usually (but not always) indicated by the last letter of the word; -o indicates masculine nouns, and -a indicates feminine nouns. Nouns ending with consonants are probably masculine.

The word the changes form depending on gender. It is also made plural when the noun is plural. For example: el perro (the dog), la cerveza (the beer), los caballos (the horses), las casas (the houses).

Adjectives generally come after the noun they describe. They also have gender and number. Like nouns, -o usually indicates the masculine form of the adjective, and -a indicates the feminine form. Adding an -s at the end of an adjective or noun makes it plural. Adjectives need to match the noun they describe in both gender and number. For example, borracho drunk, when modifying las mujeres (the women), makes las mujeres borrachas.

In this guide, where genders of nouns or adjectives comes up, we use the form o/a to differentiate. It should be clear from context when to use the feminine and when to use the masculine form.

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Pronunciation Guide

Spanish spelling has the pleasant characteristic of being more or less phonetic. This means that if you know how to pronounce the letters of a word, it's relatively easy to sound out the word itself.

Besides having a very small number of vowel sounds and a high predictablity of exactly what sound is represented by each letter, Spanish has a very clear set of rules about where a stress normally falls, and exceptions are noted with an acute accent mark (´) over the vowel of the stressed syllable. Normally, words that end in a vowel, or in n or s, have the stress on the next-to-last syllable (muchacho = mu-CHA-cho); all other words without an explicit accent mark are stressed on the final syllable (hospital = os-pee-TAL). There are no secondary stresses within words.

Vowels
a
like 'a' in father.
e
like 'eh' in pet
i
like 'ee' in see.
o
like 'o' in come.
u
like 'oo' in hoop.
y
like 'ee' in see.
Consonants
b
like 'b' in bed (but no aspiration) at the beginning of a word and after 'm': boca. An approximant (a soft vibration sound almost like English 'v') elsewhere. See v below.
c
follows the same pronunciation pattern as in English. In most cases it is pronounced like 'k' in kid: calle, doctor. When followed by 'e' or 'i', it is like 's' in supper (Latin America) or 'th' in thin (Spain): cine.
ch
like 'ch' in touch: muchacho
d
like 'd' in dog at the beginning of a word; like 'th' is this between vowels: dedo, pronounced DAY-thoh
f
like 'f' in fine: faro
g
when followed by 'e' or 'i', like a throaty 'h' (general = heh-neh-RAHL), otherwise like 'g' in go (gato). In the clusters gue and gui, the 'u' is silent (guitarra), unless it bears a diaeresis, as in güe and güi (pedigüeño).
gu, gü
like 'Gu' in McGuire or 'w' in wire (agua, agüita)
h
silent: hora= OR-ah
j
like 'ch' in German auch (though it is often approximated well enough with English 'h'): jamón. Same sound as g followed by 'e' or 'i'.
k
like 'k' in kid: kilo
l
like 'l' in love: lápiz
ll
like 'j' in jam: llama, or 'j' in jet: calle, or 'j' in jean: pollito, or j in john: cuello, or 'j' in june lluvia.
m
like 'm' in mother: mano
n
like 'n' in nice, and like 'n' in anchor: noche, ancla
ñ
like 'ny' in canyon: cañón, piñata
p
like 'p' in pig: perro
q
like 'q' in quiche (always with a silent u): queso, pronounced KAY-so. See k above.
r, rr
Spanish has two 'r' sounds both of which are different from their counterpart in English. Some effort should be made to approximate them, to help listeners distinguish between perro (dog) and pero (but)... or perhaps to understand you at all.
single flap r (ere)
Always written r, this sound is created by putting the tip of the tongue up against where the front of the roof of the mouth meets the upper teeth, very similar to the action English speakers make to pronounce l or d. To an English-speaking ear, it may sound a bit like a combined d-r.
Particular care should be taken when r appears after a consonant, e.g. in the word otro (other). tr is a particular sound in English, which will not be recognized in Spanish. One must separate the two sounds out, as in wha(t) (r)ubbish, clicking the r properly.
rolled r (erre)
Written r at the beginning of the word, or after l, n, or s (ropa, enredo); written rr between vowels (cerro). It's a multiply vibrating sound. Whereas all English speakers can learn to tap out a single r it seems that many adult non-Spanish speakers simply do not have the ability to vibrate the tongue in the way needed to pronounce rr; in this case, pronouncing it like a Spanish r or fumbling out a d-r might be better understood than pronouncing it like an Enlgish r.
s
like 'ss' in hiss: sopa
t
like 't' in top: tapa
v
like 'b' in bed (but no aspiration) at the beginning of a word and after 'm': vaca, pronounced BAH-kah. An approximant (a soft vibration sound almost like English 'v') elsewhere. To distinguish v from b when spelling, one says vay chica or bay grande to indicate which; native Spanish speakers may not hear the difference between vee and bee.
w
like 'w' in weight in English words, whisky, pronounced WEESS-kee). Like 'b' in bed in Germanic words.
x
like 'x' in flexible (flexible). Like 'ss' in hiss at beginning of a word (xilófono). Like a throaty 'h' in the words México, mexicano, Oaxaca, and oaxaqueño.
y
like 'y' in yes: payaso. Like 'y' in boy: hoy. At the beginning of the word, it will sometimes be pronounced more like an English 'j': yo no se, pronounced joh noh say.
z
like 's' in supper (Latin America), like 'th' in thin (Spain): zorro. See c above.
Diphthongs

Most diphthongs can be approximated by blending the first vowel into the second in a single syllable.
ai, ay
like 'eye': baile
au
like 'ow' in cow: causa
ei, ey
like 'ay' in say: reina, rey.
eu
like 'oo' in food euro = OO-row
ia
like 'ya' in Kenya: piano
ie
like 'ye' in yes: pie = PEE-yeh
io
like 'yo': dio
iu
like 'ew' in few: ciudad = see-you-THAHD
oi, oy
like 'oy' in boy: soy
ua
like 'wa' in wallet: cuatro
ue
like 'we' in well: puedo
ui, uy
like 'wee' in ween: ruido
ui
like 'ooy': cuido = coo-wee-dough
uo
like wa in water: averiguo
Accents and stress

Word stress can affect the meaning of the word and generally follows these rules:

- If a word is marked with an accent, then that syllable receives the stress.
- Additionally, if the accent marks a diphthong a syllable break occurs between the two vowels of the diphthong.

- If a word is NOT marked with an accent, then
1. if the word ends in a consonant other than N or S, the stress occurs on the last syllable.
2. if the word ends in a vowel, N or S, the stress occurs on the next to last syllable.

Examples: circulo (SEER-koo-loh) --> circle
circulo (seer-KOO-loh) --> I circulate
circuló (seer-koo-LOH) --> (s)he/it circulated
estás (ehss-TAHSS) --> you are
estas (EHSS-tahss) --> these
origen (oh-REE-hehn) --> origin
origenes (oh-REE-hehn-ehss) --> origins
ciudad (syew-DAHD) --> city
ciudades (syew-DAH-dehss) --> cities

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Spanish Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello (informal).
Hola. (OH-lah). For the formal equivalent of hola see good morning, good afternoon, good evening, below.

How are you? (informal)
Cómo estás? (KOH-moh ehss-TAHSS?)

How are you (formal)
Cómo está usted? (KOH-mo ehss-TAH oo-stehd?)

Fine, thank you.
Muy bien, gracias. (mooey BYEHN, GRAH-syahss)

What is your name?
Cómo te llamas? (KOH-moh teh YAH-mahss?) (informal); Cómo se llama usted? (KOH-moh seh YAH-mah ooss-TEHD?) (formal)

My name is ______.
Me llamo ______. (meh YAH-moh _____.)

Nice to meet you.
Encantado/a. (EHN-kahn-TAH-doh)

Please.
Por favor. (POHR fah-BOHR)

Thank you.
Gracias. (GRAH-SYAHSS)

You're welcome.
De nada. (deh NAH-dah)

Yes.
Si. (SEE)

No.
No. (NOH)

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Disculpe. (dees-KOOL-peh)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Perdón. (pehr-DOHN)

I'm sorry.
Lo siento. (loh SYEHN-toh)

Goodbye
Adiós. (ah-DYOHSS)

Goodbye (informal)
Hasta luego. (AH-stah LWEH-goh)

Goodbye (informal)
Chau. (TSHA-oo) (more used in South America)

I can't speak Spanish [well].
No hablo español [bien]. (noh AH-bloh EHS-pah-NYOL [BYEHN])

Do you speak English?
Hablas inglés? (AH-blahss een-GLEHSS?) (informal); Habla usted inglés? (AH-blah oos-TEHD een-GLEHSS?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Hay alguien que hable inglés? (hah-ee ahl-GYEN keh AH-bleh een-GLEHSS?)

Help!
Ayuda! (ah-YOO-dah!); Socorro! (soh-KOH-roh!)

Good morning.
Buenos dias. (BWEH-nohss DEE-ahss)

Good afternoon.
Buenas tardes. (BWEH-nahss TAR-dehss)

Good evening (when it's dark)
Buenas noches. (BWEH-nahss NOH-chehss)

Good night.
Buenas noches. (BWEH-nas NOH-chehss)

I don't understand.
No entiendo. (noh ehn-TYEHN-doh)

Where is the toilet?
Dónde está el baño? (DOHN-deh ehss-TAH ehl BAH-nyoh?)

Where are the toilets?
Dónde está los servicios? (DOHN-deh ehss-TAH lohs sehr-VEE-see-ohs?)
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Problems
Leave me alone.
Déjame en paz. (DAY-hah-may en PASS)

Don't touch me!
No me toques! (noh may TOH-kayss!)

I'll call the police.
Llamaré a la policia. (yah-mah-RAY ah lah po-lee-SEE-ah)

Police!
Policia! (poh-lee-SEE-ah!)

Stop! Thief!
Alto, ladrón! (AHL-toh, lah-DROAN!)

I need help.
Necesito ayuda. (ne-say-SEE-toh ah-YOU-dah)

It's an emergency.
Es una emergencia. (ayss oo-nah AY-mayr-HEN-syah)

I'm lost.
Estoy perdido/a (ay-STOY payr-DEE-doh/dah)

I lost my purse/handbag.
Perdi mi bolsa/bolso/cartera. (payr-DEE mee BOHL-sa / BOHL-so / cahr-TAY-rah)

I lost my wallet.
Perdi mi cartera/billetera. (payr-DEE mee cahr-TAY-rah / bee-yay-TAY-rah; the last may also be said as beel-yay-TAY-rah)

I'm sick.
Estoy enfermo/a. (ay-STOY ayn-FAYR-moh/mah)

I've been injured.
Estoy herido/a. (ay-STOY ay-REE-doh/dah)

I need a doctor.
Necesito un doctor. (nay-say-SEE-toh OON dohk-TOHR)

Can I use your phone?
Puedo usar su teléfono? (PWAY-doh oo-SAHR soo tay-LAY-foh-noh?)

Can I borrow your cell phone?
Me presta su celular? ((may PRAY-sta soo sayl-U-lar?) (Latin America) Me presta su móvil? ((may PRAY-sta soo MOH-beel?) (Spain)
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Numbers
0
cero (SEH-roh)

1
uno (OO-noh)

2
dos (dohss)

3
tres (trehss)

4
cuatro (KWA-troh)

5
cinco (SEEN-koh)

6
seis (SEH-IHSS)

7
siete (see-EH-teh)

8
ocho (OH-choh)

9
nueve (NOO-EH-beh)

10
diez (dee-EHSS)

11
once (OHN-seh)

12
doce (DOH-seh)

13
trece (TREH-seh)

14
catorce (kah-TOHR-seh)

15
quince (KEEN-seh)

16
dieciséis (dee-EH-see-SEH-ihss)

17
diecisiete (dee-EH-see-see-EH-teh)

18
dieciocho (dee-EH-see-OH-choh)

19
diecinueve (dee-EH-see-NOO-EH-beh)

20
veinte (VAIN-teh)

21
veintiuno (VAIN-tee-OO-noh)

22
veintidós (VAIN-tee-DOHSS)

23
veintitrés (VAIN-tee-TREHSS)

30
treinta (TRAIN-tah)

40
cuarenta (kwah-REHN-tah)

50
cincuenta (seen-KWEHN-tah)

60
sesenta (seh-SEHN-tah)

70
setenta (seh-TEHN-tah)

80
ochenta (oh-CHEHN-tah)

90
noventa (noh-BEHN-tah)

100
cien (see-EHN)

200
doscientos (dohs-see-EHN-tohss)

300
trescientos (trehs-see-EHN-tohss)

500
quinientos (kee-nee-EHN-tohss)

1000
mil (MEEL)

2000
dos mil (dohss MEEL)

1,000,000
un millón (oon mee-JOHN)

1,000,000,000
un billón (oon bee-JOHN), mil millones (Spain)

1,000,000,000,000
un trillón (oon tree-JOHN), un billón (Spain)

half
medio (MEH-dee-oh)

less
menos (MEH-nohss)

more
más (MAHSS)
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Portuguese phrasebook

Portuguese is a Romance language closely related to Spanish, and even more closely related to Galician (in fact, many people consider that Galician and Portuguese are the same language). It is spoken mainly in Portugal and Brazil, with some differences in pronunciation, spelling, and use of pronouns. It is also spoken in Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé e Principe, Angola, Mozambique, East Timor, Macau and Goa, Daman and Diu, as the result of the Portuguese discoveries in the XV and XVI centuries. There are around 200 million Portuguese native speakers.

Most words have similarities to Spanish or sometimes French. However, some people who know a little Spanish mistakenly conclude that it's close enough that it need not be studied separately. While they may be able to figure out the meaning of some signage, items on a menu, etc., understanding of verbal communication will be very low to nothing.

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Alphabet

The Portuguese alphabet (alfabeto) has 23 letters, plus 3 foreign ones. Accented vowels, cedillas (see below), diphthongs, digraphs (including ch), etc. do not count separately. The alphabet is a b c d e f g h i j l m n o p q r s t u v x z with additional characters á à â ã ç é ê i ó ô õ ú ü. By far, the most common diphthong is ão. The alphabet, when pronounced, is quite similar to Spanish: á bê cê dê é efe gê agá i jota ele eme ene ó pê quê erre esse tê u vê xis zê. The letters k (ká / kápa), w (vê duplo/duplo vê / dábliu/dâbliu), and y (ipsilon) are usually used only on words of foreign origin.

Grammar

Written vs. spoken

Especially in Brazil, spoken language can be very different from written language and official grammar, confusing non-native speakers. While slang (giria) is common in Brazil and difficult to understand, it is generally not used around foreigners. Less educated people are likely to use slang a lot.

Gender, plurals, and adjectives

Portuguese words ending in _ão are often, but not always, feminine, and their plurals must be memorized or looked up in a dictionary.

Verbs

This topic is much too complex for a phrasebook. In general though, infinitive verbs (i.e. as found in the dictionary) end in _ar, _er, and _ir (like Spanish) plus there's one irregular infinitive pôr (to put). A lot of the most common verbs are irregular and must be memorized. Você, ele, ela, (and usually tu in Brazil -- see above) share the same verb set, as do (separately) vocês, eles, and elas. Additionally, eu and nós both have their own respective verb set.

Pronunciation guide

Portuguese has nasal vowels and reduced vowels. If you don't reduce the vowels you will still be understood but you will sound over-enunciating. If you don't nasalize the vowels, you can easily be misunderstood: mão means "hand", while mau means "bad." So, be extra careful not to ouch the ão sound. For starters, try something in between English no and now (without the n). A good native pronunciation of this diphthong will take lots of listening and practice. The nasals are transcribed as "ng", but don't pronounce "ng" as a consonant.

Brazilian and Luso (European Portuguese) pronunciation differ, and within Brazil, there are regional differences as well. The pronunciation of Minas Gerais is especially difficult, for its tendency to merge syllables, reduce vowels, affricate consonants, etc. In the Northeast, the consonants tend to be harder and the vowels longer. The populous region surrounding Rio, São Paulo, and Curitiba generally follow the Rio pronunciation in this guide where indicated (though they do have their own distinctive accents). If there is no separate mention for Rio, then it is the same as the rest of Brazil.

Beware (especially if know any Spanish) that words ending in i and u are stressed on the last syllable without any accent mark, as are those ending in a constant other than m or s (except im/ins and um/uns).

Vowels
a
like father

ã
like détente

e
like set, say, or eight. Often dropped at ends of words in Portugal but not in Brazil, where it is reduced to i.

closed e
like herd. Often spelled with an accent mark: ê
Note this can be much shorter than the Spanish 'e.' See also the diphthong ei i
like machine

o
between sort and book in Portugal. In Brazil it is usually rounded (like in cold)

open o
like in hot.

õ
like French sont (say "song" and drop the final consonant)

u
like soup or book

u with tilde
more or less like boom without completing the articulation of the m.
Consonants

In Brazil, using the English "R" sound in the beginning of words can cause confusion. Use the English "H" sound (or the French R) instead. The M is also nasalised at the end of words (sim, mim) and the English "M" sound should be dropped even if the next word begins with a vowel. In this phrasebook, it's represented by an N (the closest possible sound). Also, be extra careful with words beginning with "Ti" (see below).
b
like 'b' in "bed"

c
like 'c' in "cat"

ce ci
like in cell and civil.

ç
like 's' in soft or super. The mark below the letter "c" is called a cedilla in English or cedilha in Portuguese. It is used to force the soft C before vowels other than E or I.

d
like 'd' in "dog." In some regions of Brazil (e.g. Rio) it is affricate before i (like in dia sounding roughly like an English "j": "jeea").

f
like 'f' in "father"

g
like 'g' in "good"

ge gi
like 'j' in "journal". (Between English "j" and "zh" sound or like French je.) Note this is completely different from Spanish.

h
silent. See Common digraphs below below and r and rr for the English "h" sound.

j
like 'j' in "journal". (Between English "j" and "zh" sound or like French je.) Note this is completely different from Spanish.

(k)
Found only in words of foreign orgin, so pronounce accordingly. (Not part of Portuguese alphabet.) See letters c and q for the English "k" sound.

l
like 'l' in "'love". The final L is vocalised (like in cold).

m..
like 'm' in "mother".

..m
Nasalizes the preceding vowel, and is dropped at the end of a word (Luso). Letter 'N' used in the phrasebook for Brazilian pronounciation.

n
like nice. Nasalizes the preceding vowel and is silent when followed by a consonant. (See Common digraphs below.)

p
like 'p' in "pig"

q
like "unique". Qu is usually followed by e or i as a way to get the k sound.

r..
like 'h' in "help" See also RR in Common Digraphs below. Note this is completely different from Spanish. It is often pronounced as the Spanish J, especially in Brazil.

..r
like 'r' in "morning"

..r..
like the Spanish 'r' (and similar to English).

- Examples (Brazilian pronunciation):
refresco (hay-FRES-koh) cold fruit drink
hora (OH-rah) hour, time s
like hiss, haze, or (in Luso dialect) sure

t
like 't' in "top"
ti (regardless of position) Brazil only -- except some areas near Argentina and Uruguay
..te (if unstressed, i.e. no accent mark)
like 'chee' in cheese, or with _s like 'chees'
Note this is completely different from Spanish

- Examples (Brazilian pronunciation):
tipo (CHEE-po) type
rotina (ho-CHEE-nah) routine
assisti (ah-sist-CHEE) I watched/helped/attended
teste (TES-chee) test
até (ah-TAY) until

v
like 'v' in "victory"

(w)
Found only in words of foreign orgin, so pronounce accordingly. (Not part of Portuguese alphabet.)

x
like "box," "examine," or "shoe". The correct pronunciation of the X is not easy to deduce. In Brazil, the sh sound is most often correct (but not always).

(y)
Found only in words of foreign orgin, so pronounce accordingly. (Not part of Portuguese alphabet.) The digraph lh produces the English consonant "y" sound. (see Common digraphs below)

z
like 'z' in "zebra," or like sh or s when final (paz, luz)

Common diphthongs

Note: Two vowels together not listed as diphthongs usually means a syllable split. Example: ia in Bahia.
am
same as ão, but unstressed andam they walk

ai
like bike (equivalent to Spanish 'AY') praia beach

ão
similar to uwng (u as in cup) dão they give

au
like house Manaus Brazilian city in the Amazon

ei
like say (best equivalent to Spanish 'E') meio half

eu
the e vowel plus a w semivowel (no equivalent in English) Europa Europe

em
nasal ei, similar to rain também also

oi
like boy oito eight

om
same as õ som sound

ou
as in own ouro gold

õe
nasal oi ele põe he puts
Common digraphs

ch
like machine (sh sound) Note this is completely different from Spanish. In Brazil, letter t when followed by i or final e produces the Spanish & English "ch" sound (see above).
- Example:
chuva (SHOU-vah) rain

lh
like million (equivalent to Spanish LL) Note: Spanish words starting with "LL" very often convert to "CH" (with the sh sound) in Portuguese
- Example:
velho (VEL-yo) old

..nh..
like canyon (equivalent to Spanish Ñ)
- Example:
banho (BAN-yo) bath

..nr..
the r is pronounced like help
- Example:
honra (OH-ha) honor

..rr..
like help (not trilled, no equivalent to Spanish RR). In Brazil, same as R at the beginning of a word.
- Example:
cachorro (cah-SHOW-ho) dog
..ss..
prevents the sonorisation of the S between vowels.
- Example:
assado (ah-SAHD-oh) roasted
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Portuguese Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
Bom dia. (bon DEE-ah / JEE-ah (Rio))

Hello. (informal)
Olá. (O-lá)

Thank you. (said by a man)
Obrigado. (ob-ree-GAH-doo)

Thank you. (said by a woman)
Obrigada. (ob-ree-GAH-dah)

How are you?
Como está? (KOH-moh ish-TAH?)

How are you?
Tudo bem? (TOO-do BENG?) also Tudo bom? (bahn) Very common in Brazil.

Fine, thank you.
Bem, obrigado/a (BENG, ob-ree-GAH-doo/dah) Also, you can informally say "Tudo bem/bon."

Everything is OK. (Lit. "All is well")
Tudo Bem. (TOO-do BENG)

What is your name? (Lit. "How are you called?")
Como se chama? (KOH-moh se SHA-ma?)

What is your name? (Literal)
Qual é o seu nome? Preferred in Brazil.

My name is ______.
(O) meu nome é ______. ({oh} mew NOME ey _____.) The "O" is usually omitted in Brazil.

Nice to meet you.
Muito prazer (em conhecê-lo). (MOOY-to pra-ZEHR eng koh-nye-SEH-lo) The final part is dropped in Brazil.

Please (Lit. "As a favor")
Por favor. (pohr fa-VOHR)

You're welcome (Lit. "For nothing")
De nada. (je NAH-dah)

Yes.
Sim. (SEE (Port.) / SEEN (Brazil))

No.
Não. (NOWNG)

- Remember the Portuguese "no" doesn't mean a negation as in English and Spanish -- but rather "in the" as a contraction of em + o (Spanish en el). Such contractions are common in Portuguese. Não falo Inglês no Brasil. I don't speak English in Brazil.

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Com licença (kong lee-SEN-sa)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Desculpe-me. (desh-KULP-me (Port.)/ desh-KUL-pay-me (Brazil))

I'm sorry.
Desculpe. (desh-KULP (Port.)/ desh-KUL-pay (Brazil))

I'm sorry. (Lit. "pardon")
Perdão. (per-DAWNG)

Goodbye (formal or permanent)
Adeus. (uh-DEOOSH.)

Goodbye (informal)
Tchau. (CHOW)

See you later
Até logo. (ah-TEH LOH-goo)

I can't speak Portuguese [well].
Não falo [bem] Português. (NOWNG fah-loo [beng] por-too-GEZH)

Do you speak English?
Fala Inglês? (fah-lah ing-GLEZH?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Há aqui alguém que fale Inglês? (AH ah-KEE al-GENG keh FAH-leh ing-GLEZH?)

Help!
Socorro! (soo-KOO-hoo!)

Good day/Good morning.
Bom dia. (bon DEE-ah/ JEE-ah (Rio))

Good afternoon (also early evening)
Boa tarde. (bo-ah /TARD (Port)/ TAR-dee (Brazil)/ TAR-jay (Rio))

Good evening (also nightime)
Boa noite. (bo-ah NOIT (Port.)/ NOI-chee (Brazil))

I don't understand.
Não compreendo. (NOWNG kom-pre-EN-doo)

I don't understand. (In Brazil)
Não entendo (NOWNG en-TEN-do)

Where is the toilet? (Port.)
Onde é a casa-de-banho? (OND eh a KAH-sah de BAH-nyoo? (Port.))

Where is the toilet? (Brazil)
Onde é o banheiro? (OND-de (Brazil) / OND-je (Rio) eh o bahn-YAIR-row?)

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Problems

Help!
Socorro! (soo-KOO-hoo!)

Leave me alone.
Deixa-me em paz. (DEY-shah meh eng PAZH)

Don't touch me!
Não toque! (NOWNG TOH-keh!)

I'll call the police.
Eu chamo a policia. (yoo SHAH-moo a poh-LEE-see-ah)

Police!
Policia! (poh-LEE-see-ah!)

Stop! Thief!
Pára! Ladrão! (PAH-rah! lah-DROWNG!)

I need your help.
Preciso da sua ajuda. (preh-SEE-zoo dah SOO-ah ah-ZHOO-dah)

It's an emergency.
É uma emergência. (EH oo-mah eh-mer-ZHENG-see-ah)

I'm lost.
Estou perdido/..da. (SOW per-DEE-doo/ per-JEE-doo (Rio)..dah)

I lost my bag.
Perdi a minha mala [bolsa]. (per-DEE / per-JEE (Rio) a meen-yah MAH-lah)

I lost my wallet.
Perdi a minha carteira.(pehr-DEE / per-JEE (Rio) ah MEE-nyah cahr-TAY-rah)

I'm sick.
Estou doente. (ish-TOW doo-AYN-teh (Port.) / doo-AYN-chay (Brazil))

I've been injured.
Estou ferido/da. (ish-TOW feh-REE-doo/dah)

I need a doctor.
Preciso de um médico. (preh-SEE-zoo deh oong MEH-dee-koo / MEH-jee-koo (Rio))

Can I use your phone?
Posso usar o seu telefone? (POH-soo oo-ZAR oo seoo teh-leh-FOWN (Port.) / teh-leh-FOW-nay (Brazil)?)

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Numbers

Note: Spanish speakers need to practice pronunciation of Portuguese numbers to be understood, even though they are quite similar in written form. Give particular attention to dropped syllables in numbers 7,9,10, and those ending in e for Luso and te for Brazil.
1
um/uma (oong / OO-mah)

2
dois/duas (doysh / DOO-ash)

3
três (treysh)

4
quatro (KWAT-roh)

5
cinco (SING-koo)

6
seis/meia (seysh/may-ah) Use meia in a numerical series (e.g. phone numbers, postal codes, etc.) to prevent confusion with "três". "Meia" is short for "meia-dúzia" (half-a-dozen).

7
sete (set (Port.)'/ setch (Brazil)')

8
oito (OY-too)

9
nove (nov (Port.)/ NOH-vee (Brazil))

10
dez (dezh)

11
onze (ongz (Port.) / ONG-zay (Brazil) )

12
doze (doz (Port.)/ DOH-zay (Brazil) )

13
treze (trez (Port.) / TRE-zay (Brazil))

14
catorze (kah-TORZ (Port.)/ kah-TOH-zay (Brazil))

15
quinze (keengz (Port.)/ KEENG-zee (Brazil))

16
dezasseis (Port.) (deh-zah-SEYSH)
dezesseis (Brazil)(deh-zay-SEYSH)

17
dezassete (Port.)(deh-zah-SET )
dezessete (Brazil) (deh-zay-SET-chay )

18
dezoito (dezh-OY-too)

19
dezanove (Port.) (deh-zah-NOV )
dezenove (Brazil) (day-zay-NOH-vay)

20
vinte (veengt (Port.)/ VEEN-chee (Brazil))

21
vinte-um/uma (veengt (Port.)/ VEEN-chee (Brazil) oong/OO-mah)

22
vinte-dois/duas (veengt (Port.)/ VEEN-chee (Brazil) doysh/DOO-ash)

23
vinte-três (veengt (Port.)/ VEEN-chee (Brazil) trezh)

30
trinta (TREEN-tah)

40
quarenta (kwah-REN-tah)

50
cinquenta (Port.) (sing-KWEN-tah)
cinqüenta (Brazil) (sing-KWEN-tah)

60
sessenta (seh-SEN-tah)

70
setenta (seh-TEN-tah)

80
oitenta (oy-TEN-tah)

90
noventa (no-VEN-tah)

100
cem (seng)

200
duzentos/as

300
trezentos/as

500
quinhentos/as (keen-YENG-toosh)

1000
mil (meel)

2000
dois mil (doysh meel)

1,000,000
milhão (meel-YOWNG)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
número _____ (NU-may-ro)

half
metade (me-TAHD (Port.)/ me-TAHD-day (Brazil)/ me-TAHD-jay (Rio))

less
menos (MEH-noosh)

more
mais (mighsh)

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Italian phrasebook

Italian is the official language of Italy, San Marino and the Swiss Canton Ticino. It is the de facto primary language of the Vatican City.

Even if in most of the touristic resorts along Italy English and German are widely spoken, most of the Italian people can't speak a foreign language (we are lazy, I know) so you'd better know some basic phrases in Italian, just to make yourself understood.

In Italian, you use the polite form ("lei") with all the people you don't know; it doesn't matter whether they are older or younger than you. You'll use the confidential form ("tu") with the people you know. The two forms differs in the use of the 2nd and 3rd persons in verbs.

Italian has two genders, masculine (-o, pl. -i) and feminine (-a, pl. -e), and some remnants of the neuter (uovo "egg", pl. uova). So a woman would say Mi sono persa while a man would say Mi sono perso.

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Pronunciation

Pronunciation is relatively easy in Italian since most words are pronounced exactly how they are written. Unless accented, words are normally pronounced with the emphasis on the second to last syllable. Double consonants tend to affect how the preceding vowel is pronounced; e.g. in "sono" (I am) the "o" is pronounced like the "o" in "close", while in "sonno" (sleep) the "o" is pronounced like the "o" in "dot" and the "n" sound is a bit longer. Similarly in "sera" (evening) the "e" is pronounced like the "ay" in "say", while in "serra" the "e" is said as a short closed "e" as in "set" and the rolled "r" is a bit more marked

Vowels
a
as in "father"
e
as in "set", but more closed
i
as in "machine"
o
as in "close", but undiphthongized
u
like 'oo' in "hoop"
Consonants
b
like 'b' in "bed"
c
like 'ch' in "chipper" (before 'i' or 'e'), 'k' in "kid" (before 'a', 'o', 'u')
d
like 'd' in "dog"
f
like 'ph' in "phone"
g
like 'g' in "go", like 'j' in "jello"
h
silent
l
like 'l' in "love"
m
like 'm' in "mother"
n
like 'n' in "nice"
p
like 'p' in "pig"
q
like 'q' in "quest" (with "u", almost always)
r
trill with the tip of the tongue
s
like 'ss' in "hiss", like 'z' in "haze"
t
like 't' in "top"
v
like 'v' in "victory"
z
as in "pizza" or "adze"
Common diphthongs
ai
like 'i' in "fight"
au
like 'ow' in "brown"
ei
like 'ay' in "say"
eu
doesn't exist in English, run 'e' and 'u' together
ia
like "ya" in "yard"
ie
like 'ye' in "yes"
ii
not a diphthong but two syllables
io
like "yo" in "Yorick"
iu
like "ew" in "few"
oi
like 'oy' in "boy"
uo
like 'wo' in "won ton"
Digraphs
ch
like 'k' in "keep"
sc
before "e" or "i", like 'sh' in "sheep"
gh
like "g" in "get"
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Italian Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Go to Start

Basics
Hello.
Buon giorno. (bwohn JOHR-noh)

Hello. (informal)
Ciao. (chow)

How are you?
Come sta? (koh-meh STAH?)

Fine, thank you.
Bene, grazie. (BEH-neh, GRAHT-tsyeh)

What is your name?
Come si chiama? (KOH-meh see kee-AH-mah?)

My name is ______.
Mi chiamo ______. (mee kee-AH-moh _____)

Nice to meet you.
Piacere di conoscerla. (pyah-CHEH-reh dee koh-noh-SHEHR-lah)

Please.
Per favore. (PEHR fah-VOH-reh)

Thank you.
Grazie. (GRAHT-tsyeh)

You're welcome.
Prego. (PREH-goh)

Yes
Sì. (SEE)

No
No. (NOH)

Excuse me
Mi scusi. (mee SKOO-zee)

I'm sorry.
Mi scusi. (mee SKOO-zee)

Goodbye.
Arrivederci. (ah-ree-veh-DEHR-chee)

I don't speak Italian.
Non parlo italiano. (non PAHR-loh ee-tah-lee-AH-no)

Do you speak English?
Parla inglese? (PAHR-lah een-GLEH-zeh?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Qualcuno parla inglese? (KWAHL-koo-noh PAHR-lah een-GLEH-zeh?)

Help!
Aiuto! (ah-yoo-toh!)

Good morning.
Buongiorno. (bwohn JOHR-noh)

Good afternoon.
Buon pomeriggio. (bwohn poh-meh-REE-gio)

Good evening.
Buonasera. (bwohn-ah-SEH-rah)

Good night.
Buonanotte. (bwohn-ah-NOHT-teh)

I don't understand.
Non capisco. (NOHN kah-PEES-koh)

Where is the toilet?
Dov'è il bagno? (doh-VEH eel BAH-nyoh?)
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Problems

Help!
Aiuto! (ah-yoo-toh!)

Leave me alone.
Mi lasci solo/a. (mee LAH-shee SOH-loh/lah) (or Mi lasci stare (.STAH-reh))

Don't touch me!
Non mi tocchi! (NOHN mee TOH-kee!)

I'll call the police.
Chiamo la polizia. (KYAH-moh lah poh-LEE-tsyah!)

Police!
Polizia! (poh-LEE-tsyah!)

Stop! Thief!
Al ladro! (ahl LAH-droh!)

I need your help.
Ho bisogno del suo aiuto. (oh bee-ZOH-nyoh dehl swoh ah-YOO-toh)

It's an emergency.
e un'emergenza. (eh oo-neh-mehr-JEN-tsah)

I'm lost.
Mi sono perso/a. (mee soh-noh PEHR-soh/sah)

I lost my bag.
Ho perso la mia borsa. (oh PEHR-soh lah MEE-ah BOHR-sah)

I lost my wallet.
Ho perso il mio portafoglio. (oh PEHR-soh eel myoh pohr-tah-FOH-lyoh)

I'm sick.
Sono malato/a. (SOH-noh mah-LAH-toh/tah)

I've been injured.
Mi sono ferito/a. (mee SOH-noh feh-REE-toh/tah)

I need a doctor.
Ho bisogno di un dottore. (oh bee-ZOH-nyoh dee oon dot-TOH-reh)

Can I use your phone?
Posso usare il suo telefono? (POS-soh oo-ZAH-reh eel swoh teh-LEH-foh-noh?)

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Numbers
1
uno (OO-noh)

2
due (DOO-eh)

3
tre (treh)

4
quattro (KWAH-troh)

5
cinque (CHEEN-kweh)

6
sei (SEH-ee)

7
sette (SEH-teh)

8
otto (OH-toh)

9
nove (NOH-veh)

10
dieci (DYEH-chee)

11
undici (OON-dee-chee)

12
dodici (DOH-dee-chee)

13
tredici (TREH-dee-chee)

14
quattordici (kwahr-TOHR-dee-chee)

15
quindici (KWEEN-dee-chee)

16
sedici (SEH-dee-chee)

17
diciassette (dee-chee-ah-SSEH-teh)

18
diciotto (dee-CHOH-toh)

19
diciannove (dee-chah-NOH-veh)

20
venti (VEHN-tee)

21
ventuno (vehn-TOO-noh)

22
ventidue (vehn-tee-DOO-eh)

23
ventitré (vehn-tee-TREH)

30
trenta (TREHN-tah)

40
quaranta (kwah-RAHN-tah)

50
cinquanta (cheen-KWAHN-tah)

60
sessanta (sehs-SAHN-tah)

70
settanta (seht-TAHN-tah)

80
ottanta (oht-TAHN-tah)

90
novanta (noh-VAHN-tah)

100
cento (CHEHN-toh)

200
duecento (dweh-CHEHN-toh)

300
trecento (treh-CHEHN-toh)

1,.000
mille (MEEL-leh)

2,000
duemila (dweh-MEE-lah)

1,000,000
un milione (oon mee-LYOH-neh)

1,000,000,000
un miliardo (oo mee-LYAHR-doh)

1,000,000,000,000
mille miliardi (MEEL-leh mee-LYAHR-dee) or un bilione (oo bee-LYOH-neh)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
numero_____ (NOO-meh-roh)

half
mezzo (MEHD-dzoh)

less
meno (MEH-noh)

more
più (pyoo)
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Dutch phrasebook

Dutch is a Germanic language spoken in the Netherlands, the northern part of Belgium (also called Flemish there) and parts of Suriname. It is the ancestor language of the Afrikaans spoken in South Africa, which is still quite similar to Dutch.

Difficulties

Since many Dutch and Flemish people like to practice their foreign languages it is very difficult to learn more than the basics. You will notice that even after having reached a reasonable level people continue to respond in English after having started the conversation in Dutch.

Older people generally don't speak English though, so a bit of Dutch can come in handy.

Differences between Flemish and Dutch

In Flanders it is much more common to use the polite form than in the Netherlands, where it is nowadays mostly reserved to address elderly people. However, since it could be a problem to use the casual form where the polite form is due, and the opposite might simply invoke some giggles, we use the polite form in this phrasebook unless mentioned otherwise.

The pronunciation of the G differs greatly between the Flemish and the Dutch. The Dutch G can sometimes sound a bit like someone clearing their throat. The actual border of the soft/hard G lies between the Rhine and the Waal.
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Pronunciation

Dutch has some vowel sounds that are not known in many other languages, so they can be hard to learn.

Short vowels

a
like 'a' in "calm", (but shorter)

e
like 'e' in "pen" or 'e' in "the" (at word endings)

i
like 'i' in "pin"

o
like 'o' in "dork"

u
like 'e' in "the"

y
like 'i' in "pin" or 'ee' in "deep"

Long vowels

a, aa
like 'aa' in "Afrikaans"

e, ee
like 'a' in "day" (without pronouncing the 'y'-sound at the end)

eu
similar to 'er' in "mercy"

ie
like 'ea' in "sea"

o, oo
like 'o' in "ago" (without pronouncing the 'w'-sound at the end)

oe
like 'oo' in "too"

u, uu
like 'ü' in German "München"

Diphthongs

au, ou
like 'ow' in "how"

eeuw
like 'a' in "day" (and substituting the 'y'-sound at the end with a 'w'-sound

ei, ij
like 'ay' in "say"

ieuw
like 'ea' in "sea" followed by a 'w'-sound

ui
like 'i' in "sir" followed by a 'y'-sound

Consonants

b
like 'b' in "bed"

c
like 'c' in "can" or the second 'c' in "success"

ch
like 'ch' in Scottish "loch"

d
like 'd' in "do"

f
like 'f' in "feel"

g
voiced 'ch'-sound

h
like 'h' in "have"

j
like 'y' in "you"

k
like 'k' in "kilo"

l
like 'l' in "low"

m
like 'm' in "man"

n
like 'n' in "no"; often dropped at the end of words

p
like 'p' in "pet"

q
like 'q' in "quick"

r
similar to 'r' in "row"

s
like 's' in "say"

sj
like 'sh in "she"

t
like 't' in "top"

v
like 'v' in "vein"

w
like 'w' in "we"

x
like 'x' in "axe"

y
like 'y' in "yes"

z
like 'z' in "zoo"

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Dutch Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Go to Start

Basics

Hello.
Hallo. (HAH-low)

How are you?
Hoe gaat het? (hoo GAHT hut?)

Fine, thank you.
Goed, dank u. (GOOT, dahnk uu)

Fine, thank you. (informal)
Goed, dank je. (GOOT, dahnk yuh)

What is your name?
Hoe heet u? (hoo HAYT uu?)

What is your name? (informal)
Hoe heet je? (hoo HAYT yuh?)

My name is ______ .
Mijn naam is ______ . (meyn NAHM is _____ .)

Nice to meet you.
Aangenaam kennis te maken. (AHN-guh-NAH-muh KAN-nis-tuh-MA-kuh), or simply Aangenaam (AHN-guh-NAHM)

Please.
Alstublieft. (AHL-stuu-BLEEFT)

Thank you.
Dank u. (DAHNK uu)

Thank you. (informal)
Dank je. (DAHNK yuh)

You're welcome.
Graag gedaan. (GRAHG guh-DAHN)

Yes.
Ja. (YAH)

No.
Nee. (NAY)

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Mag ik even uw aandacht. (mahg ick AYvuhn uuw ahnDAGHT ) or simply Pardon (PAR-don)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Sorry. (SOHR-ree)

I'm sorry.
Sorry. (SOHR-ree)

Goodbye
Tot ziens. (TOT seens)

I can't speak Dutch.
Ik spreek geen Nederlands. (ick SPRAYK gayn NAY-dur-lawnts)

I can't speak Dutch well.
Ik spreek niet goed Nederlands. (ick SPRAYK neet goot NAY-dur-lawnts)

Do you speak English?
Spreekt u Engels? (SPRAYKT uu ENG-uls?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Spreekt hier iemand Engels? (SPRAYKT here EE-mahnt ENG-uls?)

Help!
Help! (HEHLP!)

Good morning.
Goedemorgen. (GOO-duh-MORE-gun)

Good afternoon.
Goedemiddag (GOO-duh-MID-dahg)

Good evening.
Goedenavond. (Goo-duhn-AH-vunt)

Good night.
Goedenavond. (Goo-duhn-AH-vunt)

Good night (to sleep)
Slaap lekker. (SLAHP leck-uhr)

I don't understand.
Ik begrijp het niet. (ick buh-GRAYP hut neet)

Where is the toilet?
Waar is het toilet? (WAHR is hut twah-LET?)

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Problems

Help!
Help! (HEHLP!)

Leave me alone.
Laat me met rust. (LAHT muh met RUST)

Don't touch me!
Blijf van me af! (BLEYF van muh AHF)

I'll call the police.
Ik roep de politie. (ick ROOP duh poh-LEE-see)

Police!
Politie! (poh-LEET-see)

Stop! Thief!
Stop! Dief! (STOP DEEF)

I need your help.
Ik heb uw hulp nodig. (ick HEP uu HULP noh-duhg)

It's an emergency.
Het is een noodgeval. (hut IS uhn NOWT-guh-vahl)

I'm lost.
Ik ben verdwaald. (ick BEN vuhr-DWAHLT)

I lost my bag.
Ik heb mijn bagage verloren. (ick HEP meyn bah-GHAH-zhuh vuhr-LOH-run)

I lost my wallet.
Ik heb mijn portefeuille verloren. (ick HEP meyn por-tuh-FUH-yuh vuhr-LOH-run)

I'm sick.
Ik ben ziek. (ick ben ZEEK)

I've been injured.
Ik ben gewond. (ick ben ghuh-WONT)

I need a doctor.
Ik heb een dokter nodig. (ick hep uhn DOCK-tuhr no-duhg)

Can I use your phone?
Mag ik uw telefoon gebruiken? (MAHG ick uu tay-lay-PHOHN ghuh-BROWK-kuhn)

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Numbers

1
een (AIN)

2
twee (TWAY)

3
drie (DREE)

4
vier (VEER)

5
vijf (VAYF)

6
zes (ZEHS)

7
zeven (ZAY-vuhn)

8
acht (AHGT)

9
negen (NAY-guhn)

10
tien (TEEN)

11
elf (ELF)

12
twaalf (TWAHLF)

13
dertien (DEHR-teen)

14
veertien (VAYR-teen)

15
vijftien (VAYF-teen)

16
zestien (ZEHS-teen)

17
zeventien (ZAY-vuhn-teen)

18
achttien (AHGT-teen)

19
negentien (NAY-guhn-teen)

20
twintig (TWIN-tuhg)

21
eenentwintig (AIN-uhn-TWIN-tuhg)

22
tweeëntwintig (TWAY-uhn-TWIN-tuhg)

23
drieentwintig (DREE-uhn-TWIN-tuhg)

30
dertig (DEHR-tuhg)

40
veertig (VAYR-tuhg)

50
vijftig (VAYF-tuhg)

60
zestig (ZEHS-tuhg)

70
zeventig (ZAY-vuhn-tuhg)

80
tachtig (TAHG-tuhg)

90
negentig (NAY-guhn-tuhg)

100
honderd (HON-duhrt)

200
tweehonderd (TWAY-hon-duhrt)

300
driehonderd (DREE-hon-duhrt)

1000
duizend (DIGH-zuhnt)

2000
tweeduizend (TWAY-digh-zuhnt)

1,000,000
een miljoen (uhn mil-YOON)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
nummer _____ (NUHM-muhr)

half
de helft (duh HELFT)

less
minder (MIN-duhr)

more
meer (MAYR)

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Czech Phrasebook

Czech is a Slavonic language, closely related to Slovak and Polish. Spoken by over 10 million people, Czech is the official language of the Czech Republic.

Czech belongs to the "synthetic" language group, which means that unlike English and other "analytical" languages, different grammatical aspects are expressed in one word by changing the structure of that word - adding an ending or prefix, modifying the core of the word, etc. In analytical languages such as English, the same is achieved by using separate auxiliary verbs, pronouns or adjectives while the actual word remains unchanged. In Czech, one word is often sufficient to express what English can only achieve by using multiple words.

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Pronunciation Guide

Vowels

The accent doesn't mean a vowel is stressed. It means it's long.
a
like 'u' in "sun"
e
like 'e' in "red"
e
like 'ye' in "yet"
i
like 'i' in "pin"
o
like 'o' in "block"
u
like 'u' in "put"
u, ú
like 'ou' in "you"
y
same as 'i'

Consonants
b
like 'b' in "bed"
c
like 'ts' in "tsunami"
č
like 'ch' in "child"
d
like 'd' in "dog"
ď
like 'd' in "duty"
f
like 'f' in "for"
g
like 'g' in "go"
h
like 'h' in "help"
ch
like 'ch' in the Scottish word "Loch"
j
like 'y' in "yell"
k
like 'k' in "king"
l
like 'l' in "love"
m
like 'm' in "mother"
n
like 'n' in "nice"
ň
like 'ñ' in Spanish "señor"
p
like 'p' in "pig"
q
like 'q' in "quest" (very rare)
r
like Scottish 'r' (a.k.a. rolling 'r')
ř
like 'r' in "try", the tip of your tongue should vibrate loosely. Not unlike "diversion". (very difficult for foreigners, even the young Czechs have to learn it).
s
like 's' in "his"
š
like 'sh' in "cash"
t
like 't' in "top"
ť
like 'ti' in "Tatiana"
v
like 'v' in "victory"
w
like 'v' in "victor" (rarely used in Czech words, however used in German-originated proper nouns or words of Polish origin)
x
like 'cks' in "kicks"
z
like 'z' in "zebra"
ž
like 'j' in french "Jacques"
Digraphs
sh
not like the "sh" in "ship" but rather 's' followed by 'h' as in glasshouse.
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Czech Phrase List
Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
Dobrý den. (Dobree den)

Hello. (informal)
Ahoj. (Ahoy)

How are you?
Jak se más? (Yuk seh maash?)

Fine, thank you.
Dobre, dekuji. (Dobrzhe, dyekuooyih.)

What is your name?
Jak se jmenujes? (Yuk say menooyesh?)

My name is ______.
Jmenuji se ______. (Ymenuyoo seh _____.)

Nice to meet you.
Tesi me. (Tyehshee mnyeh.)

Please.
Prosim (Proseem)

Thank you.
Dekuji. (Dyekooyih.)

You're welcome.
Rádo se stalo. (Raado seh stulo.)

Yes.
Ano. (Uhnoh.)

No.
Ne. (Neh.)

Excuse me, I am sorry. (getting attention)
Prominte (Prominyteh.)

Goodbye
Na shledanou (Naskhlehdano-oo.)

I can't speak Czech [well].
Neumim [moc dobre] mluvit cesky (Neh-oomeem [mots dobrzheh] mloovit cheskee.)

Do you speak English?
Mluvite anglicky? (Mlooveeteh unglitskee?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Je tady nekdo, kdo mluvi anglicky? (Yeh tuhdih nyegdo gdo mloovee uhnglitskee?)

Help!
Pomoc! (Pomots!)

Look out!
Pozor! (Pozor!)

Good morning.
Dobré ráno (Dobray raano.)

Good evening.
Dobrý vecer (Dobree vecher.)

Good night.
Dobrou noc (Dobro-oo nohts.)

I don't understand.
Nerozumim (Nehrozumeem)

Where is the toilet?
Kde je záchod? (Gde ye zaakhot?)
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Problems

Help!
Pomoc! (Pomots!)

Leave me alone.
Nechte me být. (NEHKH-teh myeh beet)

Don't touch me!
Nedotýkejte se me! (NEH-doh-tee-keh-yehteh!)

I'll call the police.
Zavolám policii (ZAH-voh-laam POH-lee-tsee)

Police!
Policie! (POH-lee-tsee-eh!)

Stop! Thief!
Stuj, (stooyeh) zlodej! (ZLOH-dyehy!)

I need your help.
Potrebuji vasi pomoc. (POHT-rgeh-boo-yee POH-mots)

It's an emergency.
To je nebezpeci. (toh yeh NEH-behz-peh-chee)

I'm lost.
Jsem ztracen (YEH-sehm ZTRAH-tsehn)

I lost my bag.
Ztratil jsem tasku (ZTRAH-til yeh-sehm TAHSH-koo)

I lost my wallet.
Ztratil jsem penezenku (ZTRAH-til yeh-sehm PEH-ehh-zhehn-koo)

I'm sick.
Je mi spatne. (yeh mee SHPAH-tnehh)

I've been injured.
Jsem zranen (YEH-sehm ZRAH-nehhn)

I need a doctor.
Potrebuji doktora (POHT-rgeh-boo-yee DOHK-toh-rah)

Can I use your phone?
Mohu pouzit vás telefon? (MOH-hoo pwoh-zheet vaash TEH-leh-fohn?)

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Numbers

1
jeden/jedna

2
dva/dve

3
tri

4
ctyri

5
pet

6
sest

7
sedm

8
osm

9
devet

10
deset

11
jedenáct

12
dvanáct

13
trináct

14
ctrnáct

15
patnáct

16
sestnáct

17
sedmnáct

18
osmnáct

19
devatenáct

20
dvacet

21
dvacet jedna

22
dvacet dva

23
dvacet tri

30
tricet

40
ctyricet

50
padesát

60
sedesát

70
sedmdesát

80
osmdesát

90
devadesát

100
sto

175
sto sedmdesát pet

200
dve ste

300
tri sta

1000
tisic

2000
dva tisice

3758
tri tisice sedm set padesát osm

1,000,000
milion

1,000,000,000
miliarda

1,000,000,000,000
bilion

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
cislo _____ (cheeslo)

half
pul

less (than)
méne (nez)

more (than)
vice (nez)

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Swedish phrasebook

Swedish is a Scandinavian language, closely related to Norwegian and Danish. Spoken by over 9 million people, Swedish is the national language of Sweden and the official language of the Åland Islands. It is also an official language of Finland (along with Finnish), though only the mother tongue for about 6 percent of Finns.

Swedish, please

Please note that the swedish language has no exact match for the English word "please". This means that English-speaking visitors can be offended since Swedes in general tend to leave out the word in question when they speak English. This does not, however, mean that Swedes are rude, but the significance of the word "please" is usually put differently, either through a different sentence or by the tone of the voice. An example: An English-speaking person walks into a pub and says "May I have a pint of beer, please". A Swede in the same situation would use the phrase "Jag skulle vilja ha en öl, tack", i.e. "I would like to have a beer, thanks".

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Swedish phrasebook - pronunciation guide

Vowels
a
like 'a' in "barn"

e
like first 'e' in "here"

i
like 'i' in "machine"

o
like 'oo' in "foot"

u
like 'ou' in "you"

y
like 'y' in "Nitroglycerin"

å
like 'aw' in "saw"

ä
like 'a' in "rare"

ö
like 'i' in "Sir"
Please note: in Swedish 'y' is a vowel and not a consonant.

Consonants
b
like 'b' in "bed"

c
like 'c' in "cat", or like S in Swedish

d
like 'd' in "dog"

f
like 'f' in "for"

g
like 'g' in "go", like 'y' in "yellow" when preceding e, i, y, ä or ö.

h
like 'h' in "help"

j
like 'y' in "yell"

k
like 'k' in "king", like 'sh' in "ship" when preceding e, i, y, ä, ö

l
like 'l' in "love"

m
like 'm' in "mother"

n
like 'n' in "nice"

p
like 'p' in "pig"

q
like 'q' in "quest" (with "u", almost always)

r
like 'r' in "row", like 'r' in "feather"

s
like 'ss' in "hiss", like 'sh" in "ship" when preceded by r

t
like 't' in "top"

v
like 'v' in "victory"

w
like 'v' in "victor"

x
like 'cks' in "kicks", like 'ehcks' at beginning of a word.

z
like 's' in "saw"

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Swedish Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics

Hello.
God dag. (Good dahg)

Hello. (informal)
Hej. (HAY) also Tjena (Schenah - soft e)

How are you?
Hur mår du? (Hoor mor doo?)

Fine, thank you.
Tack, jag mår bra. (Tack, yag moor brah)

What is your name?
Vad heter du? (Vaad HAY-tehr doo?)

My name is ______.
Jag heter ______. (Yag HAY-tehr _____.)

Nice to meet you.
Trevligt att träffa dig (TRAYV-leet at TREH-fa day)

Thank you.
Tack. (TACK)

You're welcome.
Var så god (VAHR sho good)

Yes.
Ja. (YAH)

No.
Nej. (NAY)

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Ursäkta (Oor-shek-ta)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Förlåt (Fur lowt)

I'm sorry.
Jag är ledsen (Yaag ay lessen)

Goodbye
Adjö (A-juuh)

Goodbye (informal)
Hej då. (Hay doe)

I can't speak 'Swedish' [well].
Jag kan inte tala 'svenska' [så bra] (Yaag can eenta taahla 'svenskah' [sooh brah])

Do you speak English?
Talar du engelska? (Taahlar doo engelskah)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Finns det någon här som talar engelska (Feens day noegon har som talar Engelskah)

Help!
Hjälp! (Yelp)

Look out!
Se upp (Say oop)

Good morning.
God morgon (Good MOrron)

Good evening.
God eftermiddag (Good eftermeedag)

Good night.
God kväll (Good kvell)

Good night (to sleep)
God natt (Good natt)

I don't understand.
Jag förstår inte (Yag fur shtor eenta)

Where is the toilet?
Var är toaletten? (Vahr ay twa-LETT-en)

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Problems

Help!
Hjälp! (Yelp)

Leave me alone.
Lämna mig ifred (Laymna may ee fraed)

Don't touch me!
Rör mig inte (Rur may eenta)

I'll call the police.
Jag ringer polisen (Yag reengar pooleesan)

Police!
Polis! (Poolees)

Stop! Thief!
Stopp! Tjuv! (Stop! Schoove!)

I need your help.
Jag behöver din hjälp. (Yag beehuver deen hjalp)

It's an emergency.
Det är ett nödläge. (Dat ayr at nudlayga)

I'm lost.
Jag är vilse (Yag ayhr veelsa)

I lost my bag.
Jag har tappat bort min väska (Yag haar tappet boort meen waysca)

I lost my wallet.
Jag har förlorat min plånbok. (Yag haar furloorayt meen ploonbook)

I'm sick.
Jag mår illa. (Yag moor eela)

I've been injured.
Jag är skadad. (Yag ahr skaadaad)

I need a doctor.
Jag behöver en doktor (Yag behuver ahn doctoor)

Can I use your phone?
Får jag låna din telefon? (Faar yag loona deen tallaphone)

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Numbers
1
En/ett (en/ett)

2
två (tfoo)

3
tre (trah)

4
fyra (feera)

5
fem (fahm)

6
sex (sax)

7
sju (shoo)

8
åtta (otha)

9
nio (neeo)

10
tio (teeo)

11
elva (ahlvaa)

12
tolv (tohlv)

13
tretton (traahtoon)

14
fjorton (fioortoon)

15
femton(famtton)

16
sexton (saxtoon)

17
sjutton (shootoon)

18
arton (ahrtoon)

19
nitton (neetoon)

20
tjugo (shoogoo)

21
tjugoett(shoogoo ett)

22
tjugotvå(shoogo tfoo)

23
tjugotre(shoogo trah)

30
trettio (thra tee)

40
fyrtio (fur tee)

50
femtio (fam tee)

60
sextio (sax tee)

70
sjuttio (shoo tee)

80
åttio (oo tee)

90
nittio (nee tee)

100
ett hundra(at hoondrah)

175
ett hundra sjuttiofem (at hoondrah shoo tee fam)

200
två hundra(tfoo hoondrah)

300
tre hundra (trah hoondrah)

1000
ett tusen (at toosan)

2000
två tusen (tfoo toosan)

3758
Tre tusen sju hundra femtioåtta (trah toosan shoo hoondrah famtee otha)

1,000,000
En miljon (Ahn millyoon)

1,000,000,000
En miljard (Ahn millyard)

1,000,000,000,000
En biljon (Ahn billyoon)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
nummer _____ (noomer)

half
halv/halva (hahlv/hahlva)

less
mindre/mindre än (meendrah/meendrah ehn)

more
mer/mer än (mehr/mehr ehn)

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Norwegian phrasebook

Norwegian is the language spoken in Norway. It's closely related to Danish and Swedish, and most speakers of the three languages can understand each other without much difficulty. Most of Norway's 4.5 million citizens speak Norwegian. sS

There are two official variations of written Norwegian: Bokmål and Nynorsk. The differences are small, but important to a lot of Norwegians. Bokmål is by far the most common, and evolved from Danish. Nynorsk is a reconstructed standard written form, devleoped by Ivar Aasen, a teacher and linguist. Aasen traveled the western regions of Norway, an area in which the Danish influence on spoken Norwagian was minimal during the time Norway was ruled from Denmark. Between 1848 and 1855, Aasen published a grammar, lexicon, dialect samples, and a set of readings as he devleoped Nynosk (called then landsmål).

In 2003, approximately 15% of primary school pupils were in school districts that taught Nynorsk as the primary written standard.

There are also many spoken variations (dialects) of Norwegian, and even to Norwegians, some of them can be really hard to understand if you are not used to them. Because of radio, TV, and other mass communication, the situation is normalizing towards a language more similar to how it is written (Bokmål or Nynorsk).

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Pronunciation Guide

Norwegian spelling is pretty simple and regular (compared to, say, English), but like most real languages, unfortunately not completely regular.

Vowels

Each vowel can be pronounced either as "long" or "short". A "short" vowel will almost always be followed by a double consonant (i.e. two similar consonants, such as ll or tt). A long vowel is not.

For example, in Norwegian "it" will be pronounced as in eet, whereas "itt" will be pronounced as English it.

(There are some exceptions to this rule: if the consonant is followed by another consonant, it does not always need to be doubled to make the vowel short.)

The Norwegian vowels are pronounced in almost the same way as in German. There are three additional vowels. æ (Æ), ø (Ø), and å (Å). Here's the full list:
a
like 'a' in "father"

e
like 'e' in "better" (but like æ if it is followed by an r)

i
like 'i' in "pin"

o (short)
like o in "lord"

o (long)
like 'oo' in "spooky"

u
like 'oo' in "foot"

y
like 'i' in "pin" (but darker; y doesn't correspond to any sound in English. English speakers may have difficulty distinguishing Norwegian's i and y. It's similar to German ü or French u.) One starts with making the "o" sound with one's lips but saying the "ee" sound in "steel".

æ
like 'a' in "hat"

ø
like 'u' in "burn". One starts with e and rounds one's lips to produce ø.

å
like 'o' in "lord"
Consonants
b
like 'b' in "book"

c
like 'c' in "cat" (mostly foreign words)

d
like 'd' in "dog", silent at end of syllable.

f
like 'f' in "face"

g
like 'g' in "good", but like 'y' in "yes" before i or j, silent at the end of some words

h
like 'h' in "hat", silent before j or v

j
like 'y' in "yes"

k
like 'k' in "keep", but like 'ch' in German "ich" before i or j (IPA [ç])

l
like 'l' in "late"

m
like 'm' in "mouse"

n
like 'n' in "nice"

p
like 'p' in "push"

q
like 'q' in "quick" (mostly foreign words)

r
like 'r' in "feather" (very soft, as in German) (many different variations ranging from Spanish to French sounding.)

s
like 's' in "sun" (not like 'z' in "zap")

t
like 't' in "top", silent at the end of some words

v
like 'v' in "viper"

w
like 'w' in "water" (mostly foreign words)

x
like 'x' in "box" (mostly foreign words), generally spelled with ks

z
like 'z' in "zipper" (officially), but usually pronounced like 's' in "sun" (mostly foreign words)
Diphthongs and two letter combinations
ei
like 'a' in "babe" (æ-i)

ai
like 'i' in "pine" (a-i)

au
like 'ou' in "mouse" (a-u), or like 'o' in "so" (æ-u)

oi
like 'oy' in "boy" (å-y)

øy
like 'ooey' in "gooey" (ø-y)

sj
like 'sh' in "shirt"

skj
like 'sh' in "shirt"

kj
like 'ch' in Scottish "loch" (but it's not a throat-sound), German "ich", very similar to Greek 'χ' IPA ç.

ng
like 'ng' in "long"

rs
like 'sh' in "shirt" (not a diphthong in the South or the West)

rt
like 'rt' in "art" (not a diphtong in the South or the West)

rn
like 'rn' in "burn" (not a diphtong in the South or the West)

ld
like 'll' in "ball" (makes vowels short, too)

nd
like 'nn' in "banner" (makes vowels short)

hj
like 'y' in "yes"

hv
like 'v' in "victory"

lj
like 'y' in "yes" (rare)
Exceptions
de
(the bokmål word, meaning "they"): like "dee" in "deer" (just as a whole word)

jeg
(the bokmål word, meaning "I"): like "Ya" in "Yale" or "yay"

og
(the bokmål and nynorsk word for "and"): like 'o' in "lord" (just as a whole word)

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Norwegian Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Good morning.
God morgen. (goh moh-ohrn)

Good evening.
God kveld. (goh kvel)

Good night (to sleep)
God natt. (goh naht)

Hello. (informal)
Hei. (hay)

How are you?
Hvordan går det? (vohrd-ahn gohr deh?)

Fine, thank you.
(Jo) takk, bare bra. (yoh tak, barae brah)

What is your name?
Hva heter du? (Vah he-ter du)

My name is ______.
Jeg heter ______. (yei hee-ter _____.)

Nice to meet you.
Hyggelig å treffe deg. (Hygg-e-li å treff-e dei)

Please.
Vær så snill.

Thank you.
Tusen takk.

You're welcome.
Bare hyggelig. (Bar-e hygg-e-li)
More like the english: my pleasure

Yes.
Ja. (ya)

Yes (in reply/opposition to a no in a discussion).
Jo. (yo)

No.
Nei. (naye)

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Unnskyld (meg). (Unn-shill mei)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Unnskyld (meg). (Unn-shill mei)

I'm sorry. (for a slight mistake)
Beklager (be-klag-er)

I'm sorry. (I really didn't mean it)
Jeg beklager så mye (Jei be-klag-er så mye)

I'm sorry.
Jeg er lei meg. (Jei ær lei mei)
Not used nearly as often as in english, this sincerely means you are sorry, or can even be interpreted to mean you are sad (usually not associated with guilt).

Goodbye
Ha det bra! (Ha de bra)

Goodbye (informal)
Hade! (Ha-de)

It was nice seeing/meeting you. Goodbye.
Det var hyggelig å treffe deg. Ha det bra! (De var hygg-e-li å treff-e dei. Ha de bra!)

I can't speak norwegian.
Jeg snakker ikke norsk. (Jei snakk-er ikk-e nåsjk)

I only know a little norwegian.
Jeg kan bare litt norsk (Jei kan ba-re litt nåsjk)

Excuse me. Do you know how to speak English?
Unnskyld, kan du snakke engelsk? (Unn-skyll, kan du snakk-e eng-elsk?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Er det noen som kan engelsk her? (Ær de no-en såm kann snakk-e eng-elsk hær?)

Help!
Hjelp! (Yelp!)

Good morning.
God morgen. (Go må-årn)
See hello above

Good evening.
God kveld. (Go kvell)
See hello above

Good night.
God natt. (Go natt)
Never used as a greeting, unless you you want to make a joke. This is potentially troublesome. If you must greet someone at night, use Hallo, Hei, or Hyggelig å møte deg (Nice to meet you), or even God dag (even though it's in the middle of night).

Good night (to sleep)
God natt. (Go natt)

I don't understand (you).
Jeg forstår [deg] ikke. (Jei forst-år [dei] ikk-e)

Where is the toilet/bathroom?
Hvor er toalettet? (Vor ær toa-lett-et?)

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Problems

Help!
Hjelp! (Yelp!)

Leave me alone (please).
Kan du (være så snill å) la meg være alene.
Note: være så snill å means be so kind as to, directly translated, but there are no direct replacement for please. The english word is sometimes used if said imparatively or beggingly.

Don't touch me!
Ikke rør meg!

I'll call the police.
Jeg ringer politiet.
Note: This really means dial the police on the phone. Since there aren't many street cops in Norway, if it's really an emergency, it would make more sense to simply cry Hjelp! (Help), and hope a random person will come to your rescue.

Police!
Politi!

Stop! Thief!
Stopp tyven!

I need your help.
Jeg trenger din hjelp.
Might sound too strong. See below for a more reasonable alternative...

May I ask you for a little assistance?
Kan jeg spørre deg om litt hjelp

It's an emergency.
Det er et nødstilfelle.

I'm lost.
Jeg har gått meg bort.
Even though this is under the problems section, this phrase comes out sounding like you have wandered the woods for days without food or rest, having no idea where you are or where to go (in which case it would be obvious anyway). Either that, or you're 5 year old, in which case getting lost from your parents is equally serious. See below for a more reasonable alternative. More neutral is "Jeg har gått meg vill"

Can you tell me where I am?
Kan du si meg hvor jeg er?

Can you tell me the way to ___?
Kan du si meg veien til ___?

I lost my ___.
Jeg har mistet ___ [min (sg. m./f.)/mitt (sg. neu.)/mine (pl.)].
While almost any kind of carry-on item can be called bag in English, in Norwegian it means a duffle bag. You usually have to be more specific, here are a few alternatives, as part of this sentence, you should also read the part in parenthesis to get the grammar right.
* luggage = baggasje(n)
* suitcase = koffert(en)
* backpack = ryggsekk(en)
* duffle bag = bag(en)
* shoulder bag = skulderveske(n)
* handbag = håndveske(n)
* plastic bag = plastikkpose(n)
* computer bag = computer bag(en)
* handbag = håndveske(n)
* wallet = lommebok(en)
* child/children = barn(et)/barn(a) (I certainly hope not)

I'm sick.
Jeg er syk.

I've been injured.
Jeg har blitt skadet.

I've contracted an injuriy.
Jeg har fått en skade.

I need a doctor.
Jeg trenger (å få treffe) en lege.

Can I use (your) phone?
Kan jeg få låne telefonen (din) litt?

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Numbers
0
null

1
en/ein (.)

2
to

3
tre

4
fire

5
fem (femm)

6
seks (sekks)

7
sju
Another variant (below) also in common use. New system

7
syv
Another variant (above) is slightly more common in some age groups and geographical regions. Old system

8
åtte

9
ni

10
ti

11
elleve (ell-ve)

12
tolv (tåll)

13
tretten

14
fjorten

15
femten

16
seksten (seis-ten)

17
sytten (søtt-en)

18
atten

19
nitten

20
tjue (kju-e)
Note: Used in new counting system (see below)

20
tyve
Note: Used in old counting system (see below)
21 and on

Larger numbers than twenty can be written several ways in Norwegian. Sometimes each word is written separately. Sometimes hyphens are used. And sometimes, the whole number is written as one large word; there are two ways of counting from 21-99.

The new counting is what most people use nowadays. And probably what they would consider using to someone having problems understanding. This is what you should learn.
21
tjue en (kju-e en)

22
tjue to

23
tjue tre
The old counting system is slightly more illogical, but still quite a few people use it. Its popularity increases with the age of the speaker. Most people will probably revert to the new counting system if they realize the speaker is not fluent in norwegian, but here it is for completeness (In English this system has been used in the past, but a change analogous to the new system in Norwegian occurred a long time ago, so few realise this now, although the reminders exist in the teen numbers and the Four and twenty blackbirds nursery rhyme).
21
en og tyve (en å tyv-e)

22
to og tyve (to å tyv-e)

23
tre og tyve

30
tredve (old system)

30
tretti (new system)

40
førti

50
femti

60
seksti

70
sytti

80
åtti

90
nitti

100
(ett) hundre

121
(ett) hundre og 21 (100 å 21)

200
to hundre

300
tre hundre

1000
ett tusen

1021
ett tusen og 21 (ett tu-sen å 21)

1100
ett tusen ett hundre (ett tu-sen ett hun-dre)

1121
ett tusen ett hundre og 21

2000
to-tusen

1,000,000
en million (en milli-on)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
nummer _____ (tog, buss, etc) (nomm-er)

half
halv (hall)

less
mindre (minn-dre)

more
mer

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Greek phrasebook

Greek is one of the oldest attested Indo-European languages, known from 1400 BC in inscriptions in a syllabary of Minoan origin. The present alphabet was introduced by a Phoenician called Qadmu (Καδμος) about 800 BC, and has been in use, with a few letters added and removed, continuously since then. The 24-letter alphabet used in Classical Greek is the same one used today.

Many Greek words have been borrowed into other languages, so you will find a lot of these words familiar, such as τραυμα "injury" and γιατρος "doctor" (think of words in -iatry). Originally they were borrowed into Latin, which became French and other Romance languages. The changes Greek words underwent in Latin are different from those they underwent in Greek. For instance, in a rare case of someone actually returning a word he borrowed, κινημα (motion) was borrowed into Latin as cinema, which in French acquired the meaning "movie", and was returned to Greek as σινεμα.

Greek has changed less in the last two thousand years than English has in the last five hundred. It still has three genders, five cases, and movable ν. Although the dative dropped out of use in Greek before the dative merged with the accusative in English, one can still form the dative of μπαγλαμας (a stringed instrument smaller than the μπουζουκι), even though it belongs to a new declension. So if you know some Attic or Koine Greek and pronounce it as Modern Greek, though you will sound archaic, you will probably be understood.

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Letters and Pronunciation

Following are the uppercase and lowercase versions of each letter, followed by its name in English (Latin) and Greek. (You can also see how the transliteration works)

Vowel
Α/α alpha (αλφα)
as in pat

Ε/ε epsilon (εψιλον)
as in pet

Η/η eta (ητα)
as in pit

Ι/ι iota (ιωτα)
as in pit, though when followed by a vowel it can often be pronunced like y - example: its very name, it's either said as iota or yota.

Ο/ο omicron (ομικρον)
as in pot

Υ/υ upsilon (υψιλον)
as in pit

Ω/ω omega (ωμεγα)
as in pot

Diphtongs
ΑΙ/αι aplha-iota
as in pet

ΕΙ/ει epsilon-iota
as in pit

ΟΙ/οι omicron-iota
as in pit

ΥΙ/υι upsilon-iota
as in pit

ΟΥ/ου omicron-upsilon
as in put

ΑΥ/αυ alpha-upsilon

ΕΥ/ευ epsilon-upsilon
For the last two diphthongs: when followed by a voiceless consonant or a vowel or nothing (end of the word), the upsilon is pronunced as f resulting to 'af' and 'ef'; though, when followed by a voiced consonant the f is voiced as well making it a v. so we have 'av' and 'ev'. (example: 'aura' and 'tau' in Greek are pronunced as 'avra' and 'taf')

Consonants
Β/β beta (βητα)
V/v

Γ/γ gamma (γαμμα)
a voiced version of chi. Before epsilon (γε) and iota (γι), as in yet and yiddish. Also see consonant clusters.

Δ/δ delta (δελτα)
as in those / Spanish soft d / Norse Ð/ð

Ζ/ζ zeta (ζητα)
as in zone

Θ/θ theta (θητα)
th as in thorn / Norse Þ/þ

Κ/κ kappa (καππα)
as in kinetic

Λ/λ lambda (λαμβδα)
L/l

Μ/μ mu (μυ)
M/m

Ν/ν nu (νυ)
N/n

Ξ/ξ xi (ξι)
X/x as in ax

Π/π pi (πι)
P/p as in ape

Ρ/ρ rho (ρω)
Spanish/Scotish R/r

Σ/σ/ς sigma (σιγμα)
S/s as in some. Before voiced consonants it gets voiced to z

Τ/τ tau (ταυ)
T/t

Φ/φ phi (φι)
F/f

Χ/χ chi (χι)
Scottish ch [loch] / like an H/h but with the tongue touching the palate

Ψ/ψ psi (ψι)
as in lips

- SPECIAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS:

Γκ/γκ gamma-kappa
as in gong

γγ gamma-gamma
as in gong

γχ gamma-chi
n+chi / like ankh but more aspirated - see also Chi

Μπ/μπ mu-pi
as in bumble / B/b

Ντ/ντ nu-tau
as in dander / D/d
All the above 5 diphthongs can be nasalized more or less depending to the speaker.
Any other consonant combination is pronunced like their English counterparts.
Just remember which is the proper letter in English!
Notes on Sounds, Accents etc.

The accent (similar in usage as in Spanish), if written, is placed on the vowel of the tonic syllable, or onto the second vowel if there's a diphthong. If there's an accent at the first vowel of a diphthong, or a diaeresis on the second, then it isn't an actual diphthong and the two vowels are pronunced seperately. The former occasion is the most common, but since words written in capital letters never get accents, the diaeresis is the only way to note the broken diphthong at all-caps phrases - English such example: naïve. (diairesis = two dots on top of iota or upsilon, Ï/ï - Ÿ/ü)

All vowels have the same short length. So yes, there are 2 ways to write 'e', 6 to write 'i' and 2 letters to write 'o'!

Diphthongs 'γγ' and 'γχ' are never found at the start of a word. Vowel diphthong 'υι' is very rare, virtually only in a couple words.

Greek language lacks a 'sh' sound. Consequently there are only simple unaspirated s, z, ts, j, x 's (no shame, pleasure, luxurious, chin etc.). Also, "ς" is the form of Sigma used only when it is the last letter of a word. Graphically is just like English s.

The capital letters are the same with the ones of the Enlish alphabet. Although the small letters seem entirely different (and some of them are indeed) at people's handwritting they are extrememly close to English.

Greek people know they have a difficult language and don't expect any tourist to know more than a couple words. And even while they think its easy phonetically, they understand the problems foreigners have pronuncing it. You can say gamma as a hard 'g', chi as 'h', and rho as an unrolled English 'r' and you'll be totally understood. People in no way expect you to be proficient in any aspect of Greek, so by studying a bit before visiting you can really impress people and win their hearts!

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Greek Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics

Hello.
Γεια σας. (YAH sahss) (means literally "your health")

Hello. (informal)
Γεια σου. (YAH soo)

How are you?
Τι κανετε; (tee KAH-neh-teh?)

Fine, thank you. (And you?)
Καλα, ευχαριστω. (Και εσεις;) (kah-LAH ef-khah-rees-TOH (keh eh-SEES?))

What is your name?
Πως σε λενε; (pohs seh LEH-neh?)

My name is ______.
Με λενε ______. (Με LE-neh _____.)

Nice to meet you.
Χαρηκα. (HA-ree-ka)

Please.
Παρακαλω. (pah-rah-kah-LOH)

Thank you.
Ευχαριστω. (ef-khah-rees-TOH)

You're welcome.
Παρακαλω. (Pah-rah-kah-LOH)

Yes.
Ναι. (neh)

No.
Οχι. (OH-khee)

Excuse me. (getting attention)
Συγνωμη. (See-GHNO-mee)

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Συγνωμη. (See-GHNO-mee)

I'm sorry.
Λυπαμαι. (lee-PAH-meh)

See you later.
Τα Λεμε. (Ta LE-me)

Goodbye.
Αντιο. (AHN-dee-oh)

I can't speak Greek [well].
Δεν μιλω καλα ελληνικα. (dhen mee-LOH KAH-lah eh-lee-nee-KAH)

Do you speak English?
Μιλατε αγγλικα; (mee-LAH-teh ang-glee-KAH?)

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Μιλαει κανεις εδω αγγλικα; (Mee-LAH-ee ka-NEES e-DHO ang-glee-KAH?)

Help!
Βοηθεια! (Voh-EE-thee-yah!)

Good day.
Καλημερα. (kah-lee-MEH-rah)

Good evening.
Καλησπερα. (kah-lee-SPEH-rah)

Good night.
Καληνυχτα. (kah-lee-NEEKΗ-tah)

I don't understand.
Δεν καταλαβαινω. (dhen kah-tah-lah-VEH-no)

Where is the toilet?
Που ειναι η τουαλετα? (poo ΕΕ-ne ee too-ah-LEH-tah?)

..an English-Greek dictionary.
..ελληνικο-αγγλικο λεξικο. (eh-lee-nee-KOH ang-glee-KOH LEX-ee-koh)

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Problems

Help!
Βοηθεια! (Voh-EE-thee-yah!)

Leave me alone.
Αφηστε με ησυχο (male)/ ησυχη (female). (a-FIS-te me EE-si-kho / EE-si-khee)

Don't touch me!
Μην με αγγιζεις! (meen meh ang-GEEH-zees)

I'll call the police.
Θα καλεσω την αστυνομια. (Tha kah-LEH-soh teen ah-stih-noh-MIH-ah)

Police!
Αστυνομια! (ah-stih-noh-MIH-ah)

Stop! Thief!
Σταματηστε τον κλεφτη! (Stah-mah-TIH-steh ton KLEH-ftee!)

I need your help.
Χρειαζωμαι την βοηθεια σας. (hreeh-AH-zoh-meh teen voh-EEH-thih-ah sas)

It's an emergency.
Ειναι επειγον. (EEH-neh eh-PEEH-ghon)

I'm lost.
Εχω χαθει. (EH-hoh hah-THEEH)

I lost my bag.
Εχασα την τσαντα μου. (EH-hah-sah teen TSAHN-dah mooh)

I lost my wallet.
Εχασα το πορτοφολι μου. (EH-hah-sah toh por-toh-FOH-leeh mooh)

I'm sick.
Ειμαι αρρωστος/τη. (EE-me hah-ROHS-tos/tee )

I've been injured.
Ειμαι τραυματισμενος/νη. (EEH-meh trav-mah-tees-MEH-nos/nee)

I need a doctor.
Χρειαζομαι γιατρο. (hree-AH-zoh-meh yiah-TROH)

Can I use your phone?
Μπορω να χρησιμοποιησω το τηλεφωνο σας; (mboh-ROH nah khree-see-moh-pee-EEH-soh toh tee-LEH-foh-NOH sahs?)

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Numbers

The different forms of 1-4 are used with nouns of different genders.
1
ενας/μια/ενα (EH-nahs / MEE-ah / EH-nah)

2
δυο (DHEE-oh)

3
τρεις/τρια (trees / TREE-ah)

4
τεσσαρες/τεσσαρα (TESS-a-ress / TESS-a-rah)

5
πεντε (PEN-deh)

6
εξ (ex)

7
εφτα (ef-TAH)

8
οχτω (okh-TOH)

9
εννεα (en-eh-AH)

10
δεκα (DHEH-kah)

11
ενδεκα (EN-dheh-kah)

12
δωδεκα (DHOH-dheh-kah)

13
δεκατρεις (dheh-kah-TREES)

14
δεκατεσσαρες (dheh-kah-TESS-ah-ress)

15
δεκαπεντε (dheh-kah-PEN-deh)

16
δεκαεξ (dheh-kah-EX)

17
δεκαεφτα (dheh-kah-ef-TAH)

18
δεκαοχτω (dheh-kah-okh-TOH)

19
δεκαεννεα (dheh-kah-en-eh-AH)

20
εικοσι (ee-KOSS-ee)

21
εικοσι ενας (ee-KOSS-ee EN-ahs)

22
εικοσι δυο (ee-KOSS-ee DHEE-oh)

23
εικοσι τρεις (ee-KOSS-ee TREES)

30
τριαντα (tree-AHN-dah)

40
σαραντα (sah-RAHN-dah)

50
πενηντα (peh-NEEN-dah)

60
εξηντα (ex-EEN-dah)

70
εβδομηντα (ev-dhoh-MEEN-dah)

80
ογδοντα (ogh-DHON-dah)

90
ενενηντα (en-en-EEN-dah)

100
εκατον (EH-kah-ton)

200
δικοσια (dhee-KOH-see-ah)

300
τρικοσια (tree-KOH-see-ah)

1000
χιλιος (KHEE-lee-ohs)

2000
δισχιλιοι (dhees-KHEE-lee-ee)

10,000
μυριος (MEE-ree-ohs)

1,000,000
εκατομμυριος (eh-kah-tom-MEE-ree-ohs)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
number _____

half
ημισυ (ee-MEES-ee)

less
ελασσον (EH-lahss-on)

more
πλειον (PLEE-on)

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Hebrew phrasebook

Hebrew is spoken as a daily language in Israel and is used as a religious language by Jews worldwide.

Hebrew is written with a different alphabet than most European languages, and is written from right to left.
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Pronunciation guide

The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants, though some can facultate as vowels. Vowels are indicated with a system of dots and dashes next to the letters, but these are usually omitted except in Bibles and children's books. It is common for words, especially foreign words, to be spelled in more than one way; the Abu'l`afia Synagogue has five different spellings of its name on its signs.

The accent is usually on the last syllable; most of the exceptions are segolates (words in which segol, the e-sound, was inserted after the accent), such as elef "thousand". Some words have a diphthong "ua" or "ia" which is one syllable but sounds like two, like English "oil". This is called pattach gnubah "stolen a-sound" and occurs in shavua "week", which is accented on the "u".

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Hebrew Phrase List

Basics
Pronouns
Numbers

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Basics

Hebrew verbs conjugate according to the gender of the sentence's object: different verb forms must thus be used when speaking to men and women. These have been noted below when appropriate.

Hello.
(shah-LOHM)
The Hebrew greeting, though the English "Hi" is also used.

Bye.
(shah-LOHM)
Yes, the greeting is the same for the start and end of conversation. See also "See you later".

See you later.
(leh-hit-rah-'OHT)
The most common farewell greeting, besides the English "Bye".

Good morning.
(BOH-ker TOHV)

Good afternoon.
(tsoh-hoh-RAH-yeem toh-VEEM)

Good evening.
(EH-rev TOHV)

Good night.
(LIGH-lah TOHV)

How are you? (addressing to a man).
(mah shlom-KHAH)

How are you? (addressing to a woman).
(mah shloh-MEKH)

How are you? (What's new?).
(mah nish-MAH)

Thank you.
(toh-DAH)

Please.
(be-vah-kuh-SHAH)

Excuse me.
(slee-KHAH)

I don't understand. (a man).
(ahni loh meh-VEEN)

I don't understand. (a woman).
(ahni loh meh-VEENA)

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Pronouns

I
(ah-NEE)

You (singular, masc.)
(ah-TAH)

You (singular, fem.)
(aht)

He
(hoo)

She
(hee)

We
(ah-NAKH-noo)

You (plural, masc.)
(ah-TEM)

You (plural, fem.)
(ah-TEN)

They (plural, masc.)
(hem)

They (plural, fem.)
(hen)

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Numbers (mispaRIM)

0
(EH-fess)

1
(ah-KHAT)

2
(SHTAH-yeem)

3
(shah-LOSH)

4
(AHR-bah)

5
(khah-MESH)

6
(shesh)

7
(SHEH-vah)

8
(shmo-NEH)

9
(TEY-shah)

10
(EH-sehr)

11
(ah-khat es-REH)

12
(shtem es-REH)

13
(shlosh es-REH)

14
(ar-bah es-REH)

15
(kha-mesh es-REH)

16
(shesh es-REH)

17
(shva es-REH)

18
(shmo-nah es-REH)

19
(tshah es-REH)

20
(es-REEM)

25
(es-REEM ve-khah-MESH)

30
(shlo-SHEEM)

40
(ar-bah-EEM)

50
(khah-mee-SHEEM)

60
(shee-SHEEM)

70
(shiv-EEM)

80
(shmo-NEEM)

90
(tish-EEM)

100
(MEH-'ah)

200
(m'ah-TAH-yeem)

300
(sh-LOSH meh-'OHT)

1000
(EH-lef)

1%
(ah-KHOOZ ah-KHAD)

5%
(kha-misha ah-KHOOZIM)

100%
(MEH-'ah ah-KHOOZ)

Half
(KHE-tsee)

Quarter
(REH-vah)

More
(yoh-TEHR)

Less
(pah-KHOHT)

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Arabic phrasebook

Arabic is the fourth most widely-spoken language in the world. It is spoken in many popular destinations in North Africa and the Middle East. There are many regional dialects, but a standard Arabic language is maintained due to religious needs and region-wide media.

Arabic is written from right to left. It has its own alphabet, different from the Roman alphabet used for English.

For communication purposes while travelling and using this guide, it is very important to note that Arabic is divided into Classic Arabic(mostly used in print) and Colloquial Arabic. Colloquial Arabic is furtherly subdivided into regional colloquial accents, the main regions being the Levant, Persian Gulf States, Egypt, and North Africa. These regional colloquial accents differ enough to be mutually incomprehensible.

The pronunciation guide below uses Classical Arabic and Levantine Colloquial Arabic.

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Pronunciation guide

Arabic pronunciation varies WIDELY from place to place.

Standard Arabic will be understood by most educated people, as it is what they hear frequently on TV.

As a general rule:
- 'a' tends to be like that of 'hat'
- 'aa' is a longer version of 'a'
- 'b' as in English
- 't' as in English
- 'th' as in English 'thin'
- 'dh' as in English 'them'
- 'j' as in 'jam' in Iraq and Saudi Arabia, 'j' as in 'measure' in the Levant (Lebanon, Palestine etc.), and 'g' as in 'give' in Egypt and North Africa.
- 'H' is a pharyngeal fricative sound at the back of the throat (though not like clearing it). It sounds like you are about to whisper the word 'hello'.
- 'kh' as in Scots 'loch' or German 'mach'
- 'r' a tapped sound like Spanish 'pero', but trilled like Spanish 'perro' when doubled.
- 'z' as in English
- 'd' as in English
- 's' as in English
- 'sh' as in English
- 'S' like 's' but with the back of the throat constricted. Makes 'a' further back in the throat, 'i' into 'e' and 'u' into 'o'.
- 'D' like 'd' but with the back of the throat constricted. Samve vowel changes as 'S'
- 'T' like 'D', but equivalent to 't'
- 'Z' varies: sometimes like 'D', but equivalent to 'th', but other times equivalent to 'z'.
- 'h' as in English
- 'q' like 'k' but further back in the throat. Often pronounced like '?'
- 'k' as in English
- 'l' as in English
- 'm' as in English
- 'f' as in English
- 'n' as in English
- '?' as in Cockney 'bottle' ('bole). A glottal stop.
- '9' not always pronounced, but essential in Standard Arabic. A voiced version of 'H'.
- 'gh' a fricative sound at the back of the throat. 'kh' while using the voice box.
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Arabic Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
marhaba(n) - the 'n' is not pronounced.

How are you?
kayfa haal-louk? - to male, singular; kayfa haal-lou-ki - female singular; kaifa haal-lou-kom - plural (depends on the number and gender spoken to)

Please.
min faDlik.

Thank you [very much].
shukran [jazeelan].

Yes.
na'am

No.
laa.

Maybe.
mumkin.

Excuse me.
ismahli - the 'i' at the beginning is swallowed

Good morning.
sabaH ul-khayri - the 'i' at the end is silent

Good evening.
masa' ul-khayri - the 'i' at the end is silent

good
jayyid.

very good
jayyid jiddan.

Never mind.
Laysa Muhim.

None, nothing, nobody.
Maa fee.

Hello. informal
salaam.

Fine, thank you.
Bekhair Shukran

What is your name?
ma ismuka (to a male) ma ismukee (to a female)

My name is ______.
ismee _______

Nice to meet you.
tasharafna (lit. "You honor us")

You're welcome.
afwan

Excuse me. getting attention
law samaht

Excuse me. begging pardon
Ana Asif (m) OR Ana Asifa (f)

I'm sorry.
Ana Asif (m) OR Ana Asifa (f)

Goodbye
ma'salama

Goodbye informal
salam

I can't speak name of language [well].
La atakalum "name of language" [jayidan]

Do you speak English?
Hal tetakallem al-inglizia?

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Hal huna ay shakhs yatakalam al-inglizia?

Help!
al-najda!

Look out!
intabih

Good night.
tisbah alal-khair
Good night (in response): wanta min ahl al-khair

I don't understand.
la afham

Where is the toilet?
aynal-hamam
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Problems

Help!
al-najda!

Leave me alone.
Otrokni (M)- Otrokini (F)

Don't touch me!
Ma tilmisni

I'll call the police.
Sa Unadi al-Police

Police!
Shurta!

Stop! Thief!
Qif! Harami!

I need your help.
Ahtaj musa'ada lau semah't

I'm lost.
Ana Tayeh (M) Tayha (F)

I lost my bag.
Lakad fakadto hakibati

I lost my wallet.
Lakad fakadto mahafazati

I'm sick.
Ana mareed (m) Or Ana mareeda (f)

I've been injured.
Innani Musabun

I need a doctor.
Ah'taj doktor.
Can I use your phone?
hal momken asta'mel al-telefone?
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Numbers
0
sifr

1
waahid

2
ithnaan

3
thalaatha

4
arba'a

5
khamsa

6
sitta

7
sab'a

8
thamaaniya

9
tis'a

10
ashara

20
ishruun

30
thalathuun

40
arba'uun

50
khamsuun

60
sittuun

70
Sab'uun

80
thamanuun

90
tis'uun

100
mi'a

11
ahad ashar

12
athnaa ashar

13
thalaathata ashar

14
arba'ata ashar

15
khamsata ashar

16
sittata ashar

17
sab'ata ashar

18
thamaaniyata ashar

19
tis'ata ashar

21
waahid wa ashruun

22
ithnaan wa ashruun

23
thalaatha wa ashruun

200
mitayn

300
thalaath mi'a

1000
alf (as in The Thousand and One Nights -Alf Layla wa Layla)

2000
alfayn

1,000,000
al-milyuun

1,000,000,000
al-bilyuun

1,000,000,000,000
at-triilyuun

number _____ train, bus, etc.
Raqm ...

half
nisf

less
aqal

more
ak'thar
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Japanese phrasebook

Japanese nihongo is spoken in Japan, and essentially nowhere else. The language is distinct from Chinese and Korean, although the written form uses Chinese kanji characters, and is not known to be related to any other language.

Grammar

Japanese generally employs a subject-object-verb order, using particles to mark the grammatical functions of the words: watashi-ga hamburger-o taberu, "I-subject hamburger-object eat". It is common to omit subjects and even objects if these are clear from previous context.

Verbs and adjectives conjugate by tense and politeness level, but not by person or number. There is no verb "to be" as such, but the polite copula desu can be used in most cases: John desu ("I am John"), Ringo desu ("This is an apple"), Akai desu ("It is red"), etc. Note that the exact meaning will depend on the implied subject!

The good news is that Japanese has none of the following: gender, declensions or plurals. Nouns never conjugate and almost all verbs are regular.

Reading and writing

Reading and writing Japanese are advanced skills which take years of work to gain much real proficiency. Japanese themselves use three different writing systems of various complexity, two of which (hiragana and katakana) are syllabic and relatively easy to learn with 50 characters each, but the clincher is the set of over 2000 Chinese characters known as kanji. The set of hiragana characters is illustrated below.

There are also several competing systems for rendering Japanese in the Latin alphabet, although the Hepburn romanization system is the most common and is used on Wikitravel as well. Do not be surprised if you see these words romanized differently elsewhere.

O, honorable prefix!

Nearly any Japanese word can be prefixed with the respectful tags o- or go-, often translated with the unwieldy four-syllable word "honorable". A few you might expect o-tosan is "honorable father", o-kami is "honorable God" - and a few you might not - o-shiri is "honorable buttocks". Most of the time, they're used to emphasize that the speaker is referring to the listener, so if someone enquires if after your honorable health (o-genki) it's proper to strip off the honorific and reply that you are merely genki. However, for some words like gohan "rice" and ocha "tea", the prefix is inseparable and should always be used. In this phrasebook, the prefix is separated with a hyphen if it's optional o-kane, and joined to the word if it's mandatory oisha.

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Pronunciation guide

Japanese is not a tonal language like Chinese or Thai, and is comparatively easy to pronounce.

Vowels

Japanese has both short and long vowels and the distinction is often important. In romanized Japanese, long vowels are marked with a macron, so that o represents "long O".
a
like 'a' in "father"

i
like 'i' in "machine"

u
like 'oo' in "hoop"

e
like 'e' in "set"

o
like 'o' in "rope"

n
short 'n' at the end of a syllable, pronounced as 'm' before 'b', 'p' or 'm'.
Note that "u" is often weak at the end of syllables. In particular, the common endings -desu and -masu are usually pronounced as "des'" and "mas'" respectively.

Accent and intonation

Avoid placing too much emphasis on particular words or syllables. Japanese does have stress and intonation, but it is significantly flatter than English. Mastering word stress is a more advanced topic and neglecting it at this point should not interfere with meaning. Just trying to keep your intonation relatively flat will make your attempts to speak Japanese more comprehensible to local listeners. When asking questions, you can raise the tone at the end, as in English.

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Japanese Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
kon-nee-chee-WAH

How are you?
oh-GEN-kee dess-KAH?

Fine, thank you.
GEN-kee dess

How about you?
an-ATA wa?

What is your name?
oh-NAH-mah-eh wah NAHN dess-KAH?

My name is ____.
____ dess

Nice to meet you.
hah-jee-meh-MASH-teh

Please. (request)
oh-neh-gigh shee-moss

Please. (offer)
DOH-zo

This person (used when introducing somebody)
ko-chi-ra

Thank you. (formal)
doh-moh ah-ree-GAH-toh

Thank you. (informal)
doh-moh

You're welcome.
doh EE-tah-shee mosh-teh

Yes.
HIGH

No.
EE-eh

Excuse me.
soo-mee-mah-sen

I'm sorry.
goh-men-nah-sigh

Goodbye. (long-term)
sa-YOH-nah-rah

Goodbye. informal
SOH-reh deh-wah

I can't speak Japanese [well].
nee-hohn-goh oh [yo-koo] hah-nah-seh-mah-sen

Do you speak Japanese?
ni-HON-go oh hah-nah-seh-moss-KAH?

Yes, a little.
HIGH sko-shee

Do you speak English?
AY-goh oh hah-nah-seh-moss-KAH?

Is there someone here who speaks English?
dah-reh-kah AY-goh oh hah-nah-seh-moss-KAH?

Please speak slowly.
YOU-cury hanash-te kud-asaee

Please say it again.
mo ICHI-doh eete kud-asaee

Help!
tahs-keh-teh!

Look out!
ah-boo-NIGH!

Good morning.
oh-hah-YOH go-zigh-moss

Good evening.
kohm-bahn-wah

Good night to sleep
oh-yah-soo-mee-nah-sigh

I don't understand.
wah-kah-ree-mah-sen

I am not Japanese.
Nihon-jin ja arimasen.

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Problems

Help!
tahs-keh-teh!

Leave me alone.
hottoite.

Don't touch me!
sawaranaide!

I'll call the police.
keisatsu o yobimasu

Police!
keisatsu!

Stop! Thief!
mate! dorobo!

I need your help.
tasukete kudasai

It's an emergency.
kinkyu desu

I'm lost.
maigo desu

I lost my bag.
kaban o nakushimashita

I dropped my wallet.
saifu o otoshimashita

I'm sick.
byoki desu

I've been injured.
kega shimashita

Please call a doctor.
isha o yonde kudasai

Can I use your phone?
denwa o tsukatte iidesuka

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Numbers

While Arabic (Western) numerals are employed for most uses in Japan, you will occasionally still spot Japanese numerals at eg. markets and the menus of fancy restaurants. The characters used are nearly identical to Chinese numerals, and like Chinese, Japanese uses groups of 4 digits, not 3. "One million" is thus hyaku-man, literally "hundred ten-thousands".

There are both Japanese and Chinese readings for most numbers, but presented below are the more commonly used Chinese readings. Note that, due to superstition shi also means "death"), 4 and 7 typically use the Japanese readings yon and nana instead.

Down for the count

When counting objects, Japanese uses special counter words. For example, "two beers" is biiru nihon, where ni is "two" and -hon means "bottles". Alas, the list of possible counters is vast, but some useful ones include:
generic object
ko

people
-meisama (polite)

flat objects (papers, tickets)
-mai

long objects (bottles, pens)
-hon, -bon, -pon

cups, glasses
-hai, -bai, -pai

nights of a stay
-haku, -paku
Note how many counters change form depending on the previous number: one, two, three glasses are ippai, nihai, sanbai respectively. You'll still be understood if you get these wrong though.
0
zero or rei

1
ichi

2
ni

3
san

4
yon or shi

5
go

6
roku

7
nana or shichi

8
hachi

9
kyu

10
ju

11
ju-ichi

12
ju-ni

13
ju-san

14
ju-yon

15
ju-go

16
ju-roku

17
ju-nana

18
ju-hachi

19
ju-kyuu

20
ni-ju

21
ni-ju-ichi

22
ni-ju-ni

23
ni-ju-san

30
san-ju

40
yon-ju

50
go-ju

60
ro-ku-ju

70
nana-ju

80
hachi-ju

90
kyu-ju

100
hyaku

200
ni-hyaku

300
san-byaku

1000
sen

2000
ni-sen

10,000
ichi-man

1,000,000
hyaku-man

100,000,000
ichi-oku

1,000,000,000,000
itcho

0.5
rei ten go

0.56
rei ten go-roku

number _____ train, bus, etc.
____ ban

half
hanbun

less (few)
sukunai

more (many)
ooi

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Chinese phrasebook

Mandarin Chinese is the official language of China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, and is one of the four official languages of Singapore. In English, it is often just called "Mandarin" or "Chinese". In Chinese, it is called Putonghua, meaning "common speech". It has been the only language of education in China (but not Hong Kong) since the 1950s. Standard Mandarin is close to, but not quite identical with, the dialect of the Beijing area.

Understand

The word "dialect" means something different when applied to Chinese than it does for other languages. Chinese "dialects" are mutually unintelligible, as different as, say, Spanish and French and even English, which we would call "related languages" rather than "dialects".

However, while there are different spoken dialects of Chinese, there is only one form of written Chinese, with one common set of characters -- mostly. An exception arises where in some spoken dialects, for example Cantonese as used in Hong Kong, more informal phrasings are used in everyday speech than what would be written. Thus, there are some extra characters that are sometimes used in addition to the common characters to represent the spoken dialect and other colloquial words. One additional complication is that mainland China and Singapore use simplified characters, a long-debated change completed by the mainland Chinese government in 1956 to facilitate the standardization of language across China's broad minority groups and sub-dialects. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and many overseas Chinese use the traditional characters.

About one fifth of the people in the world speak some form of Chinese as their native language. It is a tonal language that is related to Burmese and Tibetan. Although Japanese and Korean use Chinese written characters, the spoken languages are only very distantly related to Chinese. Also, the unrelated Vietnamese language has borrowed many words from Chinese.

Yet other languages may've borrowed so much from Chinese that they've come to be considered Chinese languages. Hokkien/Taiwanese/Ban-lam-gu and Teochew could have "become Chinese" this way.

Note that travellers headed for Guangdong, Hong Kong or Macau will almost certainly find Cantonese more useful than Mandarin.

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Pronunciation guide

The pronunciation guide below uses Hanyu pinyin, the official romanization of the People's Republic of China. Until recently, Taiwan used the Wade-Giles system, which is quite different, but has recently officially switched to Tongyong pinyin, which is only slightly different.

Vowels
a
as in father

e
as in the hen

i
as in ping or key; after sh, zh, or r, as in shirr; after s or z, hold the z and make a vowel of it

o
as in saw or sung

u
as in soon; but as ü in ju, qu, yu and xu

ü
as in French lune or German grün
Consonants

Chinese stops distinguish aspirated and unaspirated, not voiceless and voiced as in English. So p, t, and k should be pronounced with a puff of air.
b
as in ball or spall

c
as in rats

ch
as in chore

d
as in do or stew

f
as in fun

g
as in gang

h
as in her

j
as in jeer

k
as in king

l
as in lease

m
as in mow

n
as in none

ng
as in sing

p
as in pit

q
as in cheap

r
as in genre or fair

s
as in sag

sh
as in shoot

t
as in tongue

w
as in wing, but silent in wu

x
as in sheep

y
as in yet, but silent in yi, yu

z
as in red zebra

zh
as in jungle
Exceptions

There are a fairly large number of niggling exceptions to the basic rules above, based on the position of the sound. Some of the more notable ones include:
-ian
as -ien, so Tian'anmen is pronounced "Tien'anmen"

wu-
as u-, so wubai is pronounced "ubai"

yi-
as i-, so yige is pronounced "ige"

yü-
as ü-, so Yuyuan is pronounced "ü-üan"
Tones

There are four tones in Mandarin that must be followed for proper pronunciation.
1. first tone
flat, high pitch - more sung instead of spoken

2. second tone ( á )
low to middle, rising - pronounced like the end of a question phrase (Whát?)

3. third tone
middle to low to high, dipping - if at the end of a sentence or before a pause, it is then followed by a rising pitch

4. fourth tone ( à )
high to low, falling - Pronounced like a command (Stop!)
5. There is also a fifth tone, the neutral tone, which is used rarely, mostly for phrase particles.

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Chinese Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics

Chinese does not have words for "yes" and "no" as such; instead, questions are typically answered by repeating the verb.

Hello.
Ni hao.

How are you?
Ni hao ma? Shen1ti hao ma?

Fine, thank you.
Hen hao, xièxie.

What is your (first) name?
Ni jiào shénme mingzi?

My name is ______.
Wo jiào ______.

Nice to meet you.
Hen gaoxìng rènshì ni.

Please.
Qing.

Thank you.
xièxie.

You're welcome.
Bú kèqi.

Excuse me. (getting attention)
qing wèn

Excuse me. (begging pardon)
Darao yixià; Máfan ni le.

I'm sorry.
Duìbùqi.

Goodbye
Zàijiàn

Goodbye (informal)
Bai-bai (Byebye)

I can't speak Chinese.
Wo bú hui shuo hànyu.

Do you speak English?
Ni hui4 shuo yingyu ma?

Is there someone here who speaks English?
Zhèli you rén hùi shuo Yingyu ma?

Help! (in emergencies)
jìu mìng!

Good morning.
Zao an.

Good evening.
Wanshàng hao.

Good night.
Wan an.

I don't understand.
Wo ting bu dong.

Where is the toilet?
Cèsuo zài nali?

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Problems

Help! (in emergencies)
jìu mìng!

Leave me alone.
búyào darao wo

Don't touch me!
búyào pèng wo!

I'll call the police.
wo yào jiào jingchá le

Police!
jingchá!)

Stop! Thief!
zhùshou! xiaotou!

I need your help.
wo xuyào nide bangzhù

It's an emergency.
zhèshì jinji qingkuàng

I'm lost.
wo milù le

I lost my bag.
wo diule shoutibao

I lost my wallet.
wo diule qiánbao

I'm sick.
wo shengbìng le

I've been injured.
wo shòushang le

I need a doctor.
wo xuyào yisheng

Can I use your phone?
wo keyi da ge diànhuà ma?

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Numbers

0
ling

1
yi

2
èr

3
san

4
sì

5
wu

6
lìu

7
qi

8
ba

9
jiu

10
shi

11
shi-yi

12
shi-èr

13
shi-san

14
shi-sì

15
shi-wu

16
shi-lìu

17
shi-qi

18
shi-ba

19
shi-jiu

20
èr-shi

21
èr-shi-yi

22
èr-shi-èr

23
èr-shi-san

30
san-shi

40
sì-shi

50
wu-shi

60
lìu-shi

70
qi-shi

80
ba-shi

90
jiu-shi

For numbers above 100, any "gaps" must be filled in with ling, as eg. yibaiyi would otherwise be taken as shorthand for "110". A single unit of tens may be written and pronounced either yishi or just shi.
100
yi-bai

101
yi-bai-ling-yi

110
yi-bai-yi-shi

111
yi-bai-yi-shi-yi

200
èr-bai

300
san-bai

500
wu-bai

1000
yi-qian

2000
èr-qian
Numbers above 10,000 are grouped by in units of four digits, starting with wàn (ten thousand). "One million" in Chinese is thus "hundred tenthousands".
10,000
yi-wàn

10,001
yi-wàn-ling-yi

10,002
yi-wàn-ling-èr

20,000
èr-wàn

50,000
wu-wàn

100,000
shi-wàn

200,0000
èr-shi-wàn

1,000,000
yi-bai-wàn

10,000,000
yi-qian-wàn

100,000,000
yi1yi4

half
bàn

less
shaoyu

more
duoyu
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Russian phrasebook

Russian is a Slavic language spoken by 170 million people world-wide. Most people living in Russia use it as a first language, and many other people in Central Asia and other parts of the former Soviet Union know it as a second language.

Russian has a fairly simple verb system - past, present, future - except for one thing: verbs come in pairs called perfective and imperfective and there's no simple rule telling which two go together. Nouns and adjectives have six cases and three genders.

One important note: the handwritten Russian alphabet looks much different than the printed alphabet. Russians never use the printed alphabet when writing by hand.

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Pronunciation guide

Consonants and vowels in Russian (and Slavic generally) are soft (palatalized) or hard. Consonants are pronounced soft if followed by a soft vowel or the soft sign, else hard. Some consonants are always soft or always hard, regardless of the following vowel.

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Russian Phrase List

Basics
Problems
Numbers

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Basics
Hello.
ZDRAHST-vooy-tye

Hello. informal
pree-VYET

How are you?
KAK deh-LAH?

Fine, thank you.
ha-ro-SHO spa-SEE-bo

What is your name?
KAK VAS zah-VOOT?

My name is ______.
min-YAH zah-VOOT ___

Nice to meet you.
OH-chen pree-YAT-na

Please.
pa-ZHAL-uy-sta

Thank you.
spa-SEE-ba

You're welcome.
NYEH za shto

Yes.
DA

No.
NYET

Excuse me. getting attention
eez-ve-NEET-yeh

Excuse me. begging pardon
prah-STEET-yeh

I'm sorry.
prah-STEET-yeh

Goodbye
da svee-DAH-nyah.

Goodbye informal
pa-KAH

I can't speak Russian [well].
YA NYE gah-va-RYOO PAH ROO-skee [ha-ro-SHO]

Do you speak English?
vih ga-va-REET-ye pah an-GLEE-skee?

Is there someone here who speaks English?
KTO-nee-bood ZDYES gah-vah-REET pah an-GLEE-skee?

Help!
pah-mah-GEE-teh!

Look out!
ahs-tah-ROW-zhna!

Good morning.
DOH-bro-ya UH-tra

Good evening.
DOH-bree VYEH-cher

Good night to sleep
spah-KOY-noy NO-chee

I don't understand.
YA NYE pah-nee-MIGH-yoo

Where is the toilet?
GDYE too-ah-LYET?

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Problems

Leave me alone.
aht-stahn

Don't touch me!
Nee-TROH-guy mee-NYA!

I'll call the police (militia in Russia).
Yah VIH-zah-voo mee-LEE-tsih-yooh!

Police! (Militia)
Mee-LEE-tsih-yah!

Stop! Thief!
Deer-ZHEE-tee VOH-rah!

I need your help.
Mneh noozh-NAH VAH-shah POH-mashch

It's an emergency.
EH-tah sroch-NA

I'm lost.
Yah zah-blooh-DEEL-sya

I lost my bag.
Yah pah-tee-RYAHL svah-YOOH SOOM-kooh

I lost my wallet.
yah pah-tee-RYAL svoy boo-MAHZH-neek

I'm sick.
yah-BOH-leen(masculine)/yah-bahl-NAH(feminine)

I've been injured.
Yah RAH-nehn

I need a doctor.
mnye NOO-zhehn VRACH

Can I use your phone?
MOHZH-nah aht-VAHS pahz-vah-NEET?

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Numbers
1
ah-DEEN

2
DVA

3
TREE

4
che-TIR-ree

5
pyat

6
shest

7
syem

8
VOH-syem

9
DYEH-vyat

10
DYEH-syat

11
ah-DEEN-nad-sat

12
dvye-NAHD-sat

13
tree-NAHD-sat

14
che-TIR-nad-sat

15
pyat-NAHD-sat

16
shest-NAHD-sat

17
syem-NAHD-sat

18
vah-syem-NAHD-sat

19
dye-vyit-NAHD-sat

20
DVAHD-sat

21
DVAHD-sat ah-DEEN

22
DVAHD-sat dvah

23
DVAHD-sat tree

30
TREED-sat

40
SOH-ruck

50
pee-dee-SYAHT

60
shest-dee-SYAHT

70
SYEM-dee-syat

80
VOH-syem-dyeh-syat

90
dyi-vyi-NOH-sto

100
sto

150
pahl-tuh-RAHSS-tah

200
DVYE-stee

300
TREE-stah

400
chyi-TEE-ryi-stah

500
pyat-SOHT

1000
TIH-syi-chah

2000
dvyeh TIH-syi-chee

5000
pyaht TIH-syach

1,000,000
mee-lee-OHN

1,000,000,000
mee-lee-ARD

Number _____ train, bus, etc.
_____ NOH-mer

half
poh-low-VEE-nah

less
MEN-shye

more
BOHL-shye

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License

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT AND LIMITED WARRANTY BY USING THE SOFTWARE, TEXT AND IMAGES (PROGRAM) INCLUDED WITH THIS AGREEMENT YOU WILL INDICATE YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS OF THIS LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU, THE END USER, AND SOUNDTELLS, LLC. (‘SOUNDTELLS). THE SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING ITEMS ARE PROVIDED TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT AND DO NOT WANT YOUR ACT OF USING THE SOFTWARE TO INDICATE YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, PROMPTLY RETURN THE SOFTWARE TOGETHER WITH ALL ACCOMPANYING ITEMS ("PROGRAM PACKAGE") FOR A FULL REFUND.

MobileReference is a brand of SoundTells, LLC

TECHNICAL SUPPORT: If you have any problems with the program, or if you have any questions concerning this Agreement, please search FAQ (frequently asked questions) at www.MobileReference.com

If your questions were not resolved please contact SoundTells Technical Support Department at support@soundtells.com

LIMITED USE LICENSE: SoundTells and its suppliers grant you the right
to use one copy of the Program for your personal use only. The
Program is owned by SoundTells as set forth in the Program or
associated documentation and is protected by United States
copyright laws and international treaties. All rights not
expressly granted are reserved by SoundTells.

YOU MAY:
-- Make copies of the Program solely for backup or archival
purposes provided that you reproduce all information including
copyright and patent notices.
-- Transfer the Program to hard disks on computers that you own
for your personal use.
-- Transfer the complete Program Package on a permanent basis,
provided that you retain no copies and the recipient agrees in
writing to the terms of this Agreement.

YOU MAY NOT:
-- Make copies of the Program, or make copies of the materials
accompanying the Program, except as provided above.
-- Use the Program in a network or other multi-user
arrangement or on an electronic bulletin board system or other
remote access arrangement.
-- Rent, give, lease, license, or otherwise transfer the
Program without the express consent of SoundTells, except that you may
transfer the complete Program Package on a permanent basis as
provided above.
-- Reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or create
derivative works of the Program.

LIMITED WARRANTY: SoundTells warrants, to the original buyer only,
that the media upon which the Program is recorded shall be free
from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and
service for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of
purchase. Any implied warranties on any Program are limited to
ninety (90) days. Some states do not allow limitation on the
duration of an implied warranty, so the above limitation may
not apply to you.

EXCLUSIVE REMEDY: SoundTells’ entire liability and your exclusive
remedy shall be, at SoundTells’ option, either (a) the repair or
replacement of the Program that does not meet SoundTells’ Limited
Warranty and which is returned to SoundTells with a copy of your
receipt: or (b) a refund of the price, if any, which you paid
for the Program and associated materials as substantiated with
proof of purchase. TO MAKE A WARRANTY CLAIM, PLEASE RETURN THE
PROGRAM PACKAGE TOGETHER WITH YOUR PROOF OF PURCHASE TO SOUNDTELLS DURING THE WARRANTY PERIOD. This Limited Warranty is void if
the failure of the media upon which the Program is recorded has
resulted from accident, abuse, or misapplication. Any
replacement Program will be warranted for the remainder of the
original warranty period or thirty (30) days, whichever is
longer.

NO OTHER WARRANTIES: WITH RESPECT TO THE PROGRAM, PROGRAM
MEDIA AND THE ACCOMPANYING WRITTEN MATERIALS, SOUNDTELLS AND ITS SUPPLIERS, IF ANY, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, OTHER THAN THE
ABOVE WARRANTY BY SOUNDTELLS, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SOUNDTELLS DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE PROGRAM WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS OR THAT THE OPERATION OF THE PROGRAM WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS. YOU MAY HAVE OTHERS, WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.

LIMITATIONS ON DAMAGES: IN NO EVENT SHALL SOUNDTELLS OR ITS
SUPPLIERS, IF ANY, BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
(INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS,
BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF INFORMATION, OR OTHER PECUNIARY
LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM
OR PROGRAM PACKAGE, EVEN IF SOUNDTELLS OR ITS SUPPLIERS, IF ANY, HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT
WILL SOUNDTELLS’ LIABILITY FOR ANY REASON EXCEED THE ACTUAL PRICE PAID FOR THE LICENSE TO USE THE SPECIFIC PROGRAM. BECAUSE SOME
STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION
MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2003-2006 by SoundTells, LLC.

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Phrasebook from MobileReference

version 4.1

Indulge Yourself with a personal tour guide on Your PDA and smartphone - download MobileReference Travel Guides to your mobile device. All guides are illustrated with maps and photographs. All major cities and national parks. FREE General Information chapter in each trial version. Learn more - keyword MobileReference.

This software is available for for PC, Pocket PC, Palm, Blackberry, Smartphone, Symbian, and other mobile devices.

MobileReference is a brand of SoundTells, LLC.
Please email comments to support@soundtells.com

All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2003-2006 by SoundTells, LLC.

This software uses some material from the Wikipedia. This material is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

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